aice chem ch.13 NEW

Explain this exam: N2 + O2 —> 2NO Where does the activation energy come from?

Nitrogen gas reacting with oxygen gas to form nitrogen oxide during thunderstorms. activation energy provided by lightning

Explain this reaction: 2NO + O2 —> 2NO2

in the atmosphere: NO is oxidized by oxygen to form NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide)

Explain this rxn: 2NO2 + H2O + ½ O2 —> 2HNO3 (aq) What cycle is this part of?

Nitrogen dioxide reacting with water in the atmosphere to form nitric acid

vital part of the natural nitrogen cycle

Haber Process + Catalyst

N2 + 3H2 ←→ 2NH3

Catalyst: Fe

How ammonia gas is prepared in the lab

2NH4Cl (s) + Ca(OH)2 (s) —> (heat) + CaCl2 (s) + 2H2O (l) + 2NH3 (g)

is ammonia basic or acid? What color does it turn red litmus paper?

Ammonia is basic. It turns red litmus paper blue.

Common ammonium salts used with a base to produce ammonia

• NH4Cl - ammonium chloride

• NH4NO3 - ammonium nitrate

• (NH4)3PO4 - ammonium phosphate

• (NH4)2SO4 - ammonium sulfate

Most ammonia is reacted with acids to make solid ammonium salts for …

fertilizer

ammonium salts used in fertilizers

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate

Used of nitric acid

TNT/explosives, detergents, dyes & pigments

environmental issue caused by nitrogen based fertilizers

eutrophication

leads to algal blooms and depletion of oxygen as bacteria feed on decomposing material from the blooms

environmental issues with car engines & nitrogen oxides

nitrogen oxides are released by cars. under the high pressure and high temperature of the engine, nitrogen oxides are formed and released in the car’s exhaust.

Nitrogen oxides cause acid rain and photochemical smog

formation of acid rain

Nitrogen oxides catalyze the oxidation of sulfur dioxide gas to sulfur trioxide

SO2 + NO2 —> SO3 + NO

SO3 reacts with water to form sulfuric acid

SO3 + H2O —> H2SO4 (aq)

what is installed in cars to reduce nitrogen oxide pollutants ? how does it do this?

catalytic converters.

the hot catalyst reduces the nitrogen oxides to harmless nitrogen gas

2CO + 2NO —> 2CO2 + N2

effects of acid rain

• plants: leaches nutrients from soil, corroded waxy layer on leaves, which leaves plants vulnerable

• Rivers/lakes: cause drop in pH, harms aquatic animals, reduces population, disrupts food chain

• building materials like carbonate rocks (limestone) and iron (as steel) are corroded

Contact process

industrial process for making sulfuric acid

uses of sulfuric acid

manufacture fertilizers, detergents, paints, pigments, dyes, synthetic fibers, plastic, used in car batteries, tanning leather & cleaning metal surfaces