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signs
non-arbitrary connection between sign and what it signifies. They are limited/closed systems of communication
symbols
arbitrary in that there's no necessary connection between a symbol and what it symbolizes.
language is...
creative, arbitrary, symbolic, structured, discrete and interpersonal
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
deep structure
the underlying meaning of a sentence
surface structure
the sound and order of words
behaviorist theory of language development
language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation
nativist theory of language development
humans are neurologically prewired to learn language
interactionist theory of language development
both biology and experience make important contributions to language development
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
problem
generally impossible to produce a definition of a concept that allows unambiguous assignment of every case to a specific concept or category
prototype theory
a theory in which concepts or word meanings are formed around average or typical values
exemplar theory
a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category
rational choice theory
the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
frequency
the ratio of the number of a given event and the total number of all events
algorithm
a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
heuristics
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
conjunction fallacy
when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
framing effect
the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains
prospect theory
theory that suggests that a decision, or argument, can be framed in different ways and that the framing affects risk assessments consumers make
functional fixedness
the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
belief bias
a tendency to draw conclusions based on what one already believes rather than sound logic
illusory truth effect
enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation
probability
the expected frequency of a given event