Unit 6

6.1

Second Wave of Imperialism Motivations:

Nationalism - commanility among ppl based on shared language, traditions, culture, religion, etc (usually wanted self - rule ) - better than others - territorial expansion

Scientific Racism - humans can be hierarchically ranked based on race

• Europeans = Christains, others were not

• Phrenology - study of shape and size of human skulls

• Skulls of white people were bigger = whites were better

Social Darwinisim - Charles Darwin (EVOLUTION) (NATURAL SELECTION - species survived because they are better adapted to the environment)

• Fittest Survive

• If the only fittest survived then that must mean that western industrial societies have proven that their ways are the best suited

Civilizing Mission - a sense of duty industial (western) societies possessed to bring the glories of their civilizations to lower civilizations

• Sending Christian missionaries to convert others

• Reorganizing the colonial governments to western models

• Western style education

  • supress local languages

6.2

European expansion now focuses pn Africa, Asia, and SouthEast Asia

Great Britian, France, Dutch cont to play huge roles

Germany, Italy, U.S, and Japan enter imperialism

PRIVATE TO STATE CONTROL

• Belgium Congo of Africa held by King Leopold II of Belgium, newly indp

• Leopold wanted Congo free state, he wanted it for raw materials *rubber

• VOC and EOC

DIPLOMACY AND WARFARE

DIPLOMACY - making political agreements by negotiation and not war

Scramble for Africa - everyone gathered to divide Africa for resources

This divided ethnic groups and brought together rival states

WARFARE - war

French In Algeria, Algeria supplied France w Wheat, Algeria wanted to get paid, so France sent a diplomat angering Algeria

French invaded Algeria using warfare

SETTLER COLONIES - a colony in which an imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own ppl to set up an outpost of their own society

Example : 13 British Colonies in N. America

CONQUERING NEIGHBORING TERRITORIES

1 . U. S - manifest destiny to expand westward, displacing indigenous ppl moved them onto reservations, Americanized then

2. Russia - Pan-Slavism, united all slavic people

   Example : Established trading post in Vladivostok, calimed stepe lands

3. JAPAN - builded an empire, established territory in korea, machuria, parts of china

6.3

Causes of Resistance

1. Increasing questions about political authority

   • Help improve child races they were colonizing, so they introduced western style education

2. Nationalism

   • When imperial powers imposed their will on language and their cultures on colonized peoples, this increased nationalism on the conquered ppls

EXAMPLES :

1. Direct Resistance - people used guns to resist

   Example : Yaa Asantewaa War, Great Britian wanted more territory west africa, they tried conquering the Asante Kingdom - War of the Golden Stool (whoever sat on the stool, they ruled the kingdom)

2. Creat New states

   • Example: creation of the Cherokee Nation, United States rebelled against British imperial power, double territory because of this, clashing w indigenous peoples

   • Cherokee assimlated to American Culture

   • Indian Removal Act - Removed Cherokee people and resettled them into Oklahoma (Trails of Tears)

3. Religious Beliefs

   • Ghost Dance movement

   • Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in Southern Africa - Britsh wanted to take over territory of the Xhosa People (Cape Colony) because they had better guns, tech, etc, British people kept expanding into their area until there was none left, and spread disease to cattles, the Xhosa killed many cattles believing in religious beliefs thinking this would help rebell against, but it actually just made it worse and allowed the British to take advantage of them

6.4

Affects on Global Economy

As imperial powers gained more colonies, they changed them into export colonies (economies focused on the export of raw materials for goods)

Many colonies at first were subsistence farmers ( grew foods to allow their families to survive ) when imperial powers showed up reorganized ecnomies into focusing to harvest raw materials and less on agriculture

Causes:

Imperial powers needed raw materials

Example : India exported Cotton to GB, Palm Oil in W. Africa, Guano in pacific and atlantic islands

Need to supply food to growing urban centers

Some places shifted to cash crop economies

EFFECTS

1. Profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods

   • Colonies provided closed markets

2. Growing economic dependence of colonial people on their imperial goods

6.5

Economic Imperialism - one state extending control over another state by economic means

Opium Wars

Chinese restricted British traders to only one trading post (Canton)

Chinese did not want any of British goods, so in return, Britain grew Opium in India and illegally exported it to China - Chinese became hooked on it

They banned Opium

British showed up and this began the Opium Wars, British won and forced China to sign treaty (Treaty of Nanjing) which opened several trading ports to the British

Qing Dynasty began to fracture - Taiping Rebellion - religious movement among Hans who wanted to get rid of Manchu rulers - spent a lot of money to stop this

2nd Opium War, British and France defeated Chinese AGAIN, more trading ports

Russia and Japan carved China into spheres of influence - changed economy to their interest

British businesses and banks invested into Argentina in order to improve infastructure

They wanted to set up operations for raw materials

Construction of a trading port in Buenos Aires, more exports to Britain

Trade Commodities

Commodity - any good that could be sold on a market

6.6

MIGRATION

CAUSES:

Demographic change: Population was very high, people went to cities for jobs

Famine - Irish Potato Famine, made alot of people to move

New transportation

• Railroad

• Steamship

• Migrants sometimes didnt return home, some did

• Example: Lebanese merchants went to Argentina and Brazil for jobs, some went back home

ECONOMIC CAUSES

• Voluntary Migration - looked for jobs voluntary

  • Irish, Italian, German immigrants left homes and relocated to urban centers of the East Coast of America

  • Chinese immigrants relocated on the western coast, found jobs in railroad industry

• Force Migration

  • Coerced + Semi Coerced labor

  • Convict labor - Atlantic Slave trade was still at use

  • Indentured Servitude - British gov facilitated the migration of indentured indians to parts of their empire and operated tin mines in Malaysia where Chinese servants were used to help w poverty

6.7

EFFECTS OF MIGRATIONS

• Gender Imbalance

• Men sought jobs - more women than men, women took over men roles

• Women farmed

• Family structures changed

  • Households were led by women in S. Africa, sp;d Cassava for moeny

• Ethnic Enclaves - geographic area w a high percentage of ppl of the same ethnicity within a foregin culture

  • outpost - provided areas of familiarity

  • Cultural Diffusion - Irish promoted Catholicism in U.S mainly protestant

• Nativism - protecting native born ppl rather than immigrants

  • Irish in the U.S were lower

  • Some governments passed policies to restrict immigration EXAMPLE : Chineses Exculsion ACT in U.S - no chinese ppl , WHITE AUS POLICIY passed by the British gov - NO CHINESE PPL IN AUS