Ap human unit 2

demography/demographic

The study of people

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Population distribution factors

Physical: climate, landforms, bodies of water, soil

Social: culture, economics, history, politics

Population density

Number of individuals per unit area

Arithmetic Density

Number of people per unit of land

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Political distribution factors

Can favor areas that are more populated because they can have More government influence.

Economic distribution factors

Jobs are crucial places with more jobs will have a higher population density

Social process distribution factors

People have needs the more people the higher amount of places that provide those needs

Population distribution and density affect the environment and natural resources

The planet has a limited carrying capacity and we need to pay attention to the amount of resources we have otherwise we might run out

Demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Consequences of over population

Not enough room, or enough resources for everyone. Everyone has too high of an ecological footprint.

Consequences of under population

-Labor Shortage, not enough workers

-loss of heritage, traditions die off

Fertility Indicators

The ability to produce offspring. Concerns the ability of people to have children

Total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Replacement birth rate

the number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves in a population.

Crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

rate of natural increase

derived by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate; increases or decreases due to migration are not included (growth rate)

Distribution of highest Rate of natural increases

Sub Saharan Africa

Zero population growth

when the birth rate equals the death rate

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Mortality indicators

Concerns when/how people in a society approach death

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Migration rates

People leaving (outward migration) or entering (inward migration) will affect the population of a country, city, etc.

Factors of fertility

social, political, economic

Social fertility factors

If woman are valued based on number of kids, if male head is valued based on number of kids, sons are more likely to make a lot of money, if the religion supports birth control, the age structure.

Economic fertility factors

higher level of economic development=lower birth rate(kids can work)

Malthusian Theory(Thomas Malthus)

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

Criticisms of Thomas Malthus

Didn't foresee technological advances such as the Green Revolution that could increase food production. Didn’t consider migration that could redistribute population

Arguments of Neo-Malthusians

The growth of less developed countries are outstripping resources.

World population is not just stripping food but other resources as well. ie oil and water

Demand anti-natal policies such as birth control and family planning

Cornucopians

resources are not finite due to the advancement of technology

Ester Boserup(cornucopians)

Principal critic of Malthusian theory who argued that overpopulation could be solved by increasing the number of subsistence farmers.

Declining fertility rates changing social values

If societal norms place heavy emphasis on the value of a woman based the number of children woman may have, then birth rates will be higher

Declining fertility rates (education)

The longer a woman attends school, the lower the birth rate

Declining fertility rates ( health care)

Better pre-natal and post-natal care leads to fewer deaths of infants and mothers and lowers the fertility rate. With less fear of death, families generally choose to have fewer children.

Declining fertility rates (employment)

Woman having access to employment is key to lowering fertility rates because it shows society that they are more than just child bearer's

Contraception

prevention of pregnancy

Declining fertility rates (contraception)

Different religions and cultures allow or discourage or forbid contraception. Depending on the society a woman is a part of, contraception may or may not be taboo. If it's allowed fertility rates will be lower

Fertility trends and the shifting role of woman in society

As a woman's value (social politically and economically) improves woman will feel less need to have kids to prove them self.

Rapid Growth Population Pyramid

Piriphery high birth rate and death rate high rate of natural increase based on significantly wider

Medium Growth Pyramid

Level of development: Newly Industrialized, Semi-Periphery

In between developing an developed dependency transitioning

BRICS (Brazil, russia, India, china, south Africa) bee hive

slow growth pyramid

Level of development: Developed, Core

Cohorts approximately equal, more older females cylinder/coke bottle/cylinder hourglass even/low dependency, low birth/death rate slow RNI

Negative growth rate

a population size gets smaller, reducing the number of people inhabiting that country. Higher death rate than birth rate, Japan, Italy, South Korea

War Population Pyramid

Many men in battle

Anti natal policies population pyramid

Less kids due to limits

Guest Worker Population Pyramid

Often a huge spike in males ages 20-54

College Towns Population Pyramid

Large number of 18-24 year olds

The demographic transition model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

The demographic transition model Stage 1

Low growth; high birth and death rates with a natural increase close to 0, associated with preindustrial societies

NO COUNRIES

The demographic transition model Stage 2

High birth rate and rapidly falling death rates, very high natural increase, North America and Europe enter in the 1750s-advancements of Industrial Revolution increase standard of living, latin America and Asia enter in the 1950s-medical revolution increased healthcare EX: Egypt, Kenya, India, periphery triangle

The demographic transition model Stage 3

Moderate growth; fertility rates begin to fall, associated with a mature industrial society BRICS AND MINT beehive

The demographic transition model Stage 4

Low Growth; birth rates continue to fall, accompanied by steady death rates, associated with postindustrial societies, core countries rectangle

The demographic transition model stage 5

Very low birth rates, low death rates, slow decrease in Natural Increase, Germany, have few women in child bearing years Problems: few young people to support the elderly population, not enough workers to stimulate the economy negative RNI

Change in birth rate

Advancements in technology along with value of woman and family planing

Change in death rate

Change in food medical care sanitation

The demographic transition model Assumptions

Countries must follow the same path of devlopment of Europe

movement from rural to urban is the only path to economic development

The demographic transition model faults

it ONLY considers ECONOMIC factors

dtm exceptions

Russia= necitive factors that cause a drop in BR such as economic uncertainty poor health conditions and environmental issues

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically. communicable diseases to chronic usually around stage 2 or 3

Pro-Natal Policies

Policies that encourage pregnancy and birth

Anti-Natalist Policies

programs to decrease the number of births

Baby Bonus

government policy that awards money to parents of young children

affordable child care provisions

allows mothers and fathers cheaper child care or decrease in taxes

maternity/paternity leave

a period of time a mother or a father can take off work after the birth of a child; also: parental leave

Tax breaks

provisions of the tax code that reduce the amount of tax that is owed

India successes

Education for woman in the workforce access to birth control

China's One Child Policy

Law created in 1979 to slow down population growth and to prevent overpopulation

Intended effect: reduce population size by limiting family size

Unintended consequences: sex ratio imbalance , shortage of workers

Dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Consequences of aging population

Shortage of workers, costs of caring for the elderly

Consequences of to many young people

Future job shortage, more housing needed, stress on prenatal care/ health care, more education needed

emigrant

A person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere.

Immigrant

a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

Catalyst of migration

Digital infrastructure allows people to move and work in more places

Cultural push factors

Changes or lack thereof of societal norms regarding gender roles, religious practices, or attitudes on societal roles of groups of people

Economic Push Factors

lack of economic opportunity

Environmental push factors

Natural Disasters and famines

Political push factors

Armed conflict, civil wars, oppressive governments/laws, persecution

Cultural pull factors

Religious freedom, similar ethnic groups, language, education, entertainment

Economic pull factors

job opportunities, higher wages, lower cost of living

Environmental pull factors

Favorable climate

Political pull factors

Laws, fewer restrictions, political freedom, stable government

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.(choice)

Internal migration

Migration within a country

Gravity Model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other. ex: someone migrating from London to the USA is most likely to settle in places like New York

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Intervening Opportunities

The idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, then the closer of the two suppliers to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third from being able to share its supply of goods or services. Intervening opportunities are frequently utilized because transportation costs usually decrease with proximity. Good things that help you continue step migration

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. Bad things that make it harder to migrate

Counter migration

the return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated

Cyclical movement

A regular journey that begins at a home base and returns to the exact same place. Commute to school and back

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Periodic movement

Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation(longer time away)

Chain migration/ kinship links

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Guest Workers

legal immigrant who has work visa, usually for a certain period of time

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Rural-urban migration

Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.