Set 4: African Societies, Indian Ocean Trade & the transformation of Feudal Europe

Hausa Kingdoms

1 kingdom divided into 7 states that had no main central authority, but rather ruled each state separate from one another - decentralized - mainly benefited economically from the Trans-Saharan trade network

Ethiopia

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa - retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful stone walled encloser state found in Southeast Africa that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Swahili City-States

City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Monsoon Winds

seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Dhow Boat

The boats used in the Indian Ocean (with Lateen Sails).

Lateen Sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Srivijaya Empire

A maritime empire that controlled the strait of Malacca between India and China. Control strengthened trade routes to China, India, and even Arabia

Malacca Strait

Important "choke point" in Indian Ocean Trade. Control of this passage meant wealth and power.

Diasporic Communities

merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas - a general term, but here it refers to Arab, Hindu, Malay, and Chinese people in the Indian Ocean Trading Network

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.

Sinhala

Ancient name for Sri Lanka/Ceylon in Sanskrit and Sinhalese

Sukhothai Kingdom

first Thai Kingdomwho forced the Khmer's out in 1431

Khmer Empire

The most powerful and longest-lasting kingdom on the mainland of southwest Asia, centering in what is today Cambodia.

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and was dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu, but then later changed to Buddhist temple

Borobudur Temple

Central Java, Indonesia / Sailendra Dynasty / c. 750-842 C.E. / Volcanic stone masonry

Prambanan Temple

Largest Hindu temple in Southeast Asia with a magnificent spectacle and an icon of Indonesia's cultural heritage

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half - capital city - Constantinople

Hagia Sophia

New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian

Feudalism

a governmental system where society is held together through the exchange of land, protection, and work

Manorialism / Manor System

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

Knights

in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord

Code of Chivalry

a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior

Christian Monasteries

They were the center of learning in the Middle Ages. They had both a cultural and spiritual influence on society. The monks in these monasteries were responsible for documenting many of the stories that would have otherwise been lost or forgotten. Works of the oral tradition were written in the Germanic language of Old English.

Margery Kempe

Margery Kempe was an English Christian mystic, known for writing through dictation The Book of Margery Kempe, a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language. - known ans christian woman Ibn Battuta

Hanseatic League

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

100 Years War

England vs. France; France won; Joan of Arc unified France and won it for them

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people - spread mostly by merchants

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war

Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia

Fourth Crusade

A Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem causing damage to Byzantine Empire

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

Wanted to branch off Roman Catholic Church and make new branches of Christianity

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Spanish Inquisition

A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom.

Alhambra Decree

document stating that Jews either had to convert to Christianity, leave Spain, or be put to death

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce

Excommunication

Banishment from the Roman Catholic Church and denied access to heaven

Elizabethan Age

A golden age of English history when Elizabeth I was queen

30 Years War

This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire. Lots of people died, Germany's population decreased by over 50%

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648