BIOSTATISTICS 2

Research

it is a scientific and systematic search for information on a specific topic

Specific

Clearly state the results that hope to achieve. The objectives ought to be clear and obvious. This can assist them in maintaining their concentration and focus

Measurable

To achieve the objectives, it must make them measurable. Metrics can be developed to track your progress toward your goals

Achievable

Establishing goals that one can actually accomplish will help to stay from becoming overwhelmed by unreasonable expectations. Make sure there's sufficient resources and funds to achieve those objectives

Relevant

Make sure those objectives align with the objectives of research and overall aims. Throughout the research process, this can keep remain inspired and on course

Time-Based

Setting deadlines will help on stay on course with the study

Research Objectives

It is a concept that you may seek to investigate more. They support in defining and limiting the scope of your research, which is essential for effective time and resource management

Program Objectives

they are concise, accurate, and precise statements of the specific learning outcomes that are intended

General Objectives

they are broad, leading your research without getting into the specific points.

Specific Objectives

divide the general objective into more manageable, clearly related components that gradually deal with the various aspects of the problem

Research Objectives

Program Objectives

General Objectives

Specific Objectives

four types of research objectives

Variables

they are the core elements that researchers can control, measure, or manipulate to learn more about the relationships, causes, and effects of their research.

Dependent and Independent

two types of research variable

Independent Variable

The factor that the researcher changes, controls, or uses to group participants to test its effect on another variable

Dependent Variable

The outcome (result) that is measured to see if it changes in response to the independent variable

Research Design

it is the plan or framework used to conduct a research study. It involves outlining the overall approach and methods that will be used to collect and analyze data in order to answer research questions or test hypotheses

Clear Purpose

Sampling

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Research Methodology

Time Frame

Ethical Considerations

Resources

elements of research designs

Clear Purpose

The research question or hypothesis must be clearly defined and focused

Sampling

This contains choices on inclusion or exclusion criteria, sample size, and sampling technique. The methodology differs depending on the sort of research design

Data Collection

The procedure for obtaining information or data from sources or research participants. It involves choosing what information to get, how to gather it, and what equipment or tools to utilize

Data Analysis

Interpretation and analysis of the gathered data. In addition to any potential confounding variables or biases that may need to be addressed, this research design element includes considerations regarding the statistical tests or methods that will be used to evaluate the data

Research Methodology

This includes decisions about the overall approach for the study.

Time Frame

An important research design element is the time frame, which includes decisions about the duration of the study, the timeline for data collection and analysis, and follow-up periods.

Ethical Considerations

The research design must include decisions about ethical considerations such as informed consent, confidentiality, and participant protection.

Resources

A good research design takes into account decisions about the budget, staffing, and other resources needed to carry out the study.

Neutrality

Reliability

Validity

Generalizability

Flexibility

characteristics of research design

Neutrality

Good research design should address potential sources of bias and confounding factors to be able to yield unbiased and neutral results

Reliability

Research design must allow for results to be consistent, with few errors due to chance.

Validity

refers to the minimization of nonrandom (systematic) errors

Generalizability

it means the study can be conducted on any part of a population with similar accuracy.

Flexibility

a research design should allow for changes to be made to the research plan as needed, based on the data collected and the outcomes of the study

Qualitative Research Design

Quantitative Research Design

Descriptive Research Design

Experimental Research Design

Correlational Research Design

Diagnostic Research Design

Explanatory Research Design

types of research design

Descriptive Research Design

it refers to research that provides on accurate portrayal characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group.

Experimental Research Design

it is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object.

Correlational Research Design

the purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables

Diagnostic Research Design

it is a type of research that is used to identify the causes of a problem.

Inception

Diagnostics

Solutions

three steps of diagnostic research design

Inception

it includes data collection and problem definition.

Diagnostics

they comprises data analysis, hypothesis testing, and setting objectives

Solutions

they define the best possible solution

Explanatory Research Design

it is a technique used to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying reasons for, causes of, and relationships behind a particular phenomenon that has yet to be extensively studied

Validity in Research

it is the ability to conduct an accurate study with the right tools and conditions to yield acceptable and reliable data that can be reproduced

Internal Validity

extent to which a research study establishes a trustworthy cause-and effect relationship. The less chance there is for "confounding," the higher the internal validity and the more confident we can be.

Confounding

it refers to uncontrollable variables that come into play and can confuse the outcome of a study, making us unsure of whether we can trust that we have identified the cause-and-effect relationship

Blinding

Experimental Manipulation

Random Selection

Randomization

Strict Study Protocol

factors that improve internal validity

Blinding

Participants don't always know what kind of intervention they are getting, and at times neither do researchers

Experimental Manipulation

Manipulating an independent variable in a study instead of just observing an association without conducting any intervention

Random Selection

Choosing participants at random or in a manner in which they are representative of the population that you wish to study

Randomization

randomly assigning participants to treatment and control groups, ensuring that there is no systematic bias between the research groups.

Strict Study Protocol

Following specific procedures during the study so as not to introduce any unintended effects

External Validity

it refers to how well the outcome of a research study can be expected to apply to other settings

Population Validity and Ecological Validity

two types of external validity

Population Validity

it refers to whether you can generalize the research outcomes to other populations or groups

Ecological Validity

it refers to whether a study's findings can be generalized to additional situations or settings

Field Experiments

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Psychological Realism

Replication

Reprocessing or Calibration

factors that improve external validity

Identification of Problem

Review Literature

Clarification of Problem

Define Concept

Define the Population

Develop Plan

Collection of Data

Analyzation of Data

steps in conducting research