AP Psych Unit 9 Vocab

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Aggression

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36 Terms

1

Aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

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2

Altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of other

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3

Attitude

feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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4

Attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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5

Bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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6

Central route of persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7

Cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent

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8

Conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

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9

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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10

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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11

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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12

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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13

Equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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14

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request

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15

Frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate anger

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16

Fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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17

Group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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18

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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19

Ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

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20

Just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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21

Mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking liking of them

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22

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side views itself as ethical and peaceful and the views the other side as evil and aggressive

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23

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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24

Peripheral route of persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as speakers attractiveness

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25

Prejudice

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

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26

Reciprocity norms

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

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27

Scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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28

Self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself favorably

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29

Social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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30

Social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

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31

Social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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32

Social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

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33

Social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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34

social responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

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35

Stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people

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36

Superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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