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What was the Industrial Revolution?
A revolution in which there was a great increase in the output of machine made goods that began in England during the 18th century.
What was the Agricultural Revolution?
A revolution in which there were great changes in the methods of farming. This includes larger farms, greater production, and fewer laborers.
What was a result of the Agricultural Revolution?
Sudden population growth in England due to the food production.
Who was Jethro Tull?
A scientific farmer who invented the seed drill, which was much better at planting seeds than people scattering them across the ground.
What is crop rotation?
A method of farming in which farmers switch out their crops every season or year. During the agricultural revolution, farmers made improvements on the medieval three-field method produced greater crop yields.
What is livestock breeding?
Selective breeding that helped create better breeds and improved food production.
What happened to the populous of England as a result of the agricultural revolution?
Large numbers of former farmers moved to the cities to find work. They were the laborers that began filling factories in the industrial revolution.
Why did these revolutions start in Britain?
Large population for workers
Extensive natural resources, such as water power, coal, iron, rivers for transportation, and harbors for merchant fleets
An expanding and stable economy with people who were willing to invest
Political stability
What are the factors of production?
Land, labor, and capital (wealth)
What are factors of production?
The resources needed to produce goods and services.
Who was James Hargreaves?
Inventor of the spinning wheel named after his daughter. The spinning jenny allowed one worker to spin eight threads at a time.
Who was Samuel Cromton?
The inventor who combined the spinning jenny with water power to make the spinning mule, which made the thread stronger and more consistent.
Who was Eli Whitney?
The inventor of the cotton gin that sped up the process of removing seeds from raw cotton, unfortunately helping to preserve the institution of slavery.
Who was James Watt?
The inventor who made vast improvements in the steam engine and made it more practical to use for powering machines.
Who was Robert Fulton?
The inventor who built a steamboat, the Clermont, that ferried passengers up and down New York's Hudson river.
What is Urbanization?
The growth in population living in cities. Most urban centers of Europe doubled in size, many even quadrupled
What were living conditions like due to the Industrial and Agricultural Revolution?
There was a lack of adequate housing, education, police, and infrastructure (roads, transportation, water, and plumbing)
What were working conditions like due to the Industrial and Agricultural Revolution?
Many worked long dangerous days averaging 14 hours and 6 days a week. There was no government aid in case of injury and no responsibility on behalf of the business.
What class tensions came from industry?
The growth of the Middle class because of the great wealth produced by industry. Not everyone felt the benefits and riots and hatred between the groups intensified.
What were the positive effects of the industrial revolution?
The creation of more jobs, increased wealth of nations, general raised standard of living and hope that lives could improve.
What is a corporation?
A business owned by its stockholders who share in profits but not personally responsible for its debts.
What global divisions were created by the industrial revolution?
The widened gap between industrialized parts of the world and non-industrialized parts of the world.
What is imperialism?
The policy of extending one country's rule over many other countries.
How was society transformed by the industrial revolution?
Everything from daily life to life expectancy were effected by industrialization. The development of a strong middle class created better educational systems and more democratic participation.
Who was Adam Smith?
The philosopher who wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776. He defended the ideas of free markets and free economy. He thought that the government need not interfere with the economy.
What does the phrase “Laissez-Faire” mean?
The policy of the government leaving business alone.
What is the “Invisible Hand”?
The concept that as individuals work to meet their own goals, they will be helping do what is best for society as a whole. This will lead the economy in the right direction.
What is capitalism?
An economic system where money is invested with goal of making profit.
What is socialism?
An economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the good of the whole.
What were the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles?
They thought that human societies were always divided into warring classes. They predicted that the working class (proletariat) would overtake the middle class (bourgeoisie).
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles
What are the Proletariat?
The working class.
What are the Bourgeoisie?
The middle class.
What is communism?
A form of complete socialism where private property would cease to exist.
What is imperialism?
The extension of a nation's power over other lands
What are unions?
Workers who join together to press for reform.
What is collective bargaining?
The negotiations between workers and their employers for better wages or working conditions.
What is a strike?
Union members refusal to work in an effort to shut down factories until their demands are met for better working conditions.
Who was Thomas Edison?
The creator of the invention factory where he created an environment to invent new things. Eventually patented 1000 inventions including the telephone and the phonograph.
Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
The instructor of deaf students who invented the telephone in his spare time in 1976. just for funsies
Who was Guglielmo Marconi?
The inventor of the first radio in 1895.
Who was Henry Ford?
The creator of the assembly line for his automobiles who made mass-production popular.
Who were Orville and Wilber Wright?
The bicycle mechanics who were the first to build and fly a successful airplane.
Who was Louis Pasteur?
The scientist who discovered bacteria and that heat killed them. Heating liquids "pasteurization" made milk safe to drink.
Who was Charles Darwin?
The developer of the theory of evolution.
Who was Marie Curie?
The scientist who discovered radiation
What is the British Empire?
When GB had land and possessions surrounding the globe. The greatest empire ever known. “The sun never sets on the _ _”
What is Indirect/Direct rule?
Systems set up where either the local rulers would rule with the guidance of the Imperial country or be directly ruled over by that Imperial ruler.
What was the scope of Imperialism?
Lands in every continent were acquired by European or American governments.
What occurred from the Rise of Nationalism?
Many colonized territories started to become unified behind national identity. Many wars and revolutions would follow in Africa, Asia and the Americas.
What were Sepoy?
Indian soldiers hired by G.B. to protect empires interests. They would be involved in a revolt known and the __ Mutiny.
What were Viceroy?
The British rulers that were put in charge of colonial possessions. Like a governor.
What was the Indian National Congress?
A group organized in 1885 that demanded independence from Britain.
Who was Gandhi?
The lawyer who first led movement in British controlled South Africa before taking his independence ideas home to India. He ultimately succeeded in gaining Indian independence.
What was the Opium War?
War in which China tried to stop G.B from importing opium into their country. China tried to appeal to Britain's morals to no avail.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Revolt by the Chinese against all of the outsiders taking advantage of China. They were followers of a form of "shadow" boxing. Their revolt was put down by a collective of armies from most of Europe and America.
Who was Sun-Yat-sen?
The "Father" of modern China.
What was special about Japan?
Japan had remained isolated and unchanged, living in a middle age type society well into the 19th century.
Who was Commodore Perry?
The U.S. Admiral who sailed to Japan to open relations to the west.
What was the Meiji Restoration?
The "Enlightened Rule" Japan started significant efforts to "westernize" and industrialize their society. They realized that they must if they were to compete with Europe and America. A very rapid transformation of Japan took place.
What was the Russo-Japanese war?
1904 Japan attacked Russian lands in the east. The Russian fleet then sailed to Japan only to be humiliated. Russia was forced to accept peace terms in 1905. The world was shocked at the new reality of Japan being a major power. (Teddy Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating treaty)
What was the open-door policy?
The policy started by the U.S. to allow all countries access to China's goods.
What was the Berlin Conference?
A meeting of 14 European nations and no African rulers to settle the division of Africa into claims of land for Europe without fighting or war. They held little regard for the African nations, people, ethnic backgrounds, culture, or language.
What were the four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?
A large workforce, an abundance of natural resources, expanding economy, and political stability.
What is social darwinism?
A social theory that Darwin’s ideas about evolution and natural selection were applicable to human society: from this, people reasoned that the wealthy were superior to the poor and that white people were superior to other races.
OR.
The theory is that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. This was used to justify many actions of the dominant European countries.
What is racism?
The belief that ones race is superior to others, many Europeans held this ideology.
Who was Shaka?
A Zulu chief who used strong warriors and a powerful military organization to create a large, centralized state.
What were Boer?
Dutch settlers who settled in South Africa, fighting those who lived there for land.
Explain the impacts of Imperialism/Social Darwinism on the areas of Africa, India, and China? Include examples.
Imperialism had a shaking impact on many countries around the world. With improved technology in Europe, nations gained wealth and power and grew a desire for greater control. Thus, they began the invasion and colonization of countries and territories around the globe. This wide imperialistic reign by the many European countries caused clashes between the nations. They fought for more control. European leaders held a meeting called the Berlin Conference to reach an agreement. This meeting divided the continent into pieces for the European countries to take over. 14 European nations participated in the carving of Africa, and not a single African representative was involved in the discussion. This conference divided many groups of people and territories. The imperialists destroyed the cultures and lives of those they invaded. The scope of imperialism was not just affecting Africa, but also Asia. Britain had control of the lands of modern-day India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Britain harvested the natural and cultural resources of this territory. To maintain control of the land, Great Britain hired Indian soldiers, known as Sepoy, to act in the interests of the British Empire. Many hated British occupation, and so rumors spread that the gun cartridges they used were oiled with pig and cow fat. This was seen as disrespectful to the Sepoys as they were mostly Hindi and Muslim, and could not have those meats per their religion. When the Sepoy demanded pig and cow fat not be used, Britain disregarded their concerns and did not address the issues. This demonstrated to the Indian people how little GB cared about their army, leading to an uprising and India known as the Sepoy Mutiny. India remained under British control until after WWII. In China, British imperialists were also causing problems. The British became obsessed with tea and began trade with China, however, Britain began losing money from this trade as there was no demand the British could meet for the Chinese people. GB found a new market in China with the sale of opium, causing many Chinese people to become addicted to the drugs they brought in. Soon, China began to be indebted to GB. This debt combined with the effects of drugs harming China, they demanded the stop of the opium trade with Britain. Britain did not like this so the Opium War between China and GB happened. GB fought so that they could continue the opium trade with China, eventually forcing them to sign unequal treaties that forced China to allow the sale of opium, pay for all of the war expenses, and allow British occupation. The effects of these treaties would harm China and its people for many years.
Final Exam
52% Industrial Revolution
24% Enlightenment/French Revolution
24% Renaissance
What were the causes of WWI?
1) Nationalism 2) Imperialism 3) Militarism 4) Alliance System
What is Militarism?
The idea that a country can settle their problems with military and fighting.
What was the significance of the Meiji Restoration in Japan?
The Meiji Restoration was the period when Japan in which a rapid transformation of Japan took place. Japan was Westernized, modernized, militarized, and industrialized. The Restoration brought major political, social, and economic changes. This protected Japan from being invaded by imperialist nations, as they became a powerful country that was able to defend themselves and even become imperialistic.
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