a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent
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bacterial morphology
the external appearance of bacterial cells including shape, arrangement, and size
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exponential growth
a pattern of data that shows greater increases with passing time, creating the curve of an exponential function
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exponential decay
a process in which a quantity decreases over time, with the rate of decrease becoming proportionally smaller as the quantity gets smaller
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natural selection
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time, based on their impact on an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
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disruptive selection
disruptive selection
Disruptive selection favors extreme values of a trait over intermediate values, forming two distinct phenotypic groups. It can happen when two or more distinct phenotypes are both advantageous, leading to speciation as the groups become reproductively isolated.
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directional selection
Directional selection favors traits that increase survival and reproduction in a specific environment. This leads to a change in the frequency of a trait in a population over time.
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stabilizing selection
Stabilizing selection prefers average individuals in a stable environment. Traits suitable for survival are already in the population, so those with different traits are less likely to survive and reproduce. This leads to less genetic variation.
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individual variation
the uniqueness and variety among people's traits and behavioral tendencies
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inheritance
the passing of genetic information from parent to child through the genes in sperm and egg cells
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enviromental change
a change or disturbance of the environment most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes
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differential reproductive success
A situation in which some individuals leave more offspring in the next generation than do others, often due to traits that confer advantages in survival and/or reproduction
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adaptation
any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment
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trait
a specific characteristic of an individual
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competitive advantage
who survives and gets to pass on their genes
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survive and reproduce
natural selection
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behavioral trait
those actions that are observed in organisms throughout their species
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physical trait
physical attributes of an organism such as hair color, leaf shape, size
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genetic trait
the specific combination of alleles for a gene is known as the genotype of the organism
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species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
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common ancestor
Ancestral organism shared by two or more descendent lineages
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homologous structure
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions (ex. limbs of humans, bats, whales, and cats)
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analogous structure
features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (ex. wings of birds + butterflies)
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convergent evolution
occurs when two organisms that lack a recent common ancestor end up more and more alike as they adapt to a similar ecological niche
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divergent evolution
what occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures
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sympatric speciation
the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups
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allopatric speciation
occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range or a waterway, makes it impossible for them to breed with one another
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sun energy
radiant light and heat from the Sun
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chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis
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light reactions
capture energy from sunlight, which they change to chemical energy that is stored in molecules of NADPH and ATP. The light reactions also release oxygen gas
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chloroplast
a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells
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thylakoid
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place
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calvin cycle
**the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules**
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carbon dioxide
an important heat-trapping gas, or greenhouse gas, that comes from the extraction and burning of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas), from wildfires, and from natural processes like volcanic eruptions
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oxygen
colourless, odourless, tasteless gas essential to living organisms, being taken up by animals, which convert it to carbon dioxide; plants, in turn, utilize carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and return the oxygen to the atmosphere
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glucose
the main sugar found in your blood, body’s main source of energy
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water
a simple molecule composed of two small, positively charged hydrogen atoms and one large negatively charged oxygen atom
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ATP energy
source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups
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mitochondria
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur
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glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water
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Krebs Cycle
After glycolysis breaks glucose into smaller 3-carbon molecules, the Krebs cycle transfers the energy from these molecules to electron carriers, which will be used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP
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electron transport chain
The primary function of the electron transport chain is to generate an electrochemical gradient. It drives the synthesis of ATP during cellular respiration and photosynthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. It is used in cellular respiration.
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biodiversity
the variety of all living things and their interactions
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taxonomy
the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
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kingdom
kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain
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phylum
a major group of animals or in some classifications plants sharing one or more fundamental characteristics
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