biology 20 chapter 11 human system

Immune System

Network of cells and tissues defending against pathogens.

Immune Response

Body's reaction to foreign invaders or pathogens.

Non-Specific Defense

General defense mechanism against all invaders.

Specific Response

Targeted defense against specific pathogens.

First Line of Defense

Physical barriers preventing pathogen entry.

Skin

Impenetrable barrier if unbroken against pathogens.

Lysozymes

Enzymes in fluids that destroy bacterial cell walls.

Respiratory System

Filters air and traps pathogens with mucus.

Gastric Juices

Acidic fluids in stomach that kill pathogens.

Normal Flora

Beneficial bacteria competing with harmful invaders.

Second Line of Defense

Activated when pathogens breach first line barriers.

White Blood Cells

Cells that engulf pathogens or produce antibodies.

Phagocytosis

Process where cells engulf and digest pathogens.

Macrophages

Large leukocytes that engulf foreign particles.

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune response.

Pseudopodia

Protrusions used by cells to engulf microbes.

Neutrophils

Type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens.

Inflammatory Response

Swelling and redness due to immune activation.

Antibodies

Proteins produced to neutralize specific pathogens.

Pathogen

Any organism that can cause disease.

Immune Memory

Long-term immunity after exposure to pathogens.

Pus

Remaining fragments of dead cells and bacteria.

Inflammatory Response

Nonspecific response to physical injury.

Fever

Body temperature rise to combat infections.

Neutrophils

White blood cells that digest invading organisms.

Macrophages

Large white blood cells that engulf pathogens.

White Blood Cells

Five types that attack body invaders.

Neutrophils

First responders to infection or injury.

Basophils

Release histamines during allergic reactions.

Eosinophils

Combat parasites and allergic reactions.

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies and coordinate immune response.

Monocytes

Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.

Specific Defense

Targeted immune response against specific pathogens.

Immunity

Body's ability to resist specific infections.

Antibodies

Proteins that neutralize pathogens.

Antigens

Markers on pathogens recognized by antibodies.

Antigen-Antibody Reaction

Binding of antibodies to specific antigens.

Helper T-cells

Activate other immune cells to respond.

Killer T-cells

Destroy infected or cancerous cells.

Suppressor T-cells

Regulate immune response to prevent overactivity.

Memory T-cells

Persist to provide rapid response to reinfection.

Vaccines

Stimulate immune response without causing disease.

Infection

Invasion and multiplication of pathogens in the body.

Immune System Balance

Regulation of antibody levels and immune responses.

Cell Membrane Markers

Identify cells as self or foreign.

B cells

Activated by antigens to produce antibodies.

Antibodies

Bind to specific antigens for detection.

Antibiotics

Substances that inhibit bacterial growth.

Vaccinations

Introduce antigens to stimulate immune response.

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Inability to produce adequate immune responses.

Autoimmune Diseases

Body attacks its own cells mistakenly.

Allergies

Hypersensitivity to harmless environmental antigens.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Virus affecting T cells, causing immune deficiency.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells transporting oxygen in blood.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood, 90% water.

Plasma Proteins

Proteins in plasma, including albumins and globulins.

Macrophages

Phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens.

Anaphylactic Shock

Severe allergic reaction causing difficulty breathing.

Connective Tissue

Tissue supporting, binding, or separating other tissues.

Blood Proteins

Include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens.

T cells

Lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Antigens

Substances triggering immune responses.

Hypersensitivity

Exaggerated immune response to harmless substances.

Environmental Antigens

Non-harmful substances triggering allergic reactions.

Infection

Invasion of the body by pathogens.

Phagocytosis

Process of engulfing and digesting pathogens.

Immune System

Body's defense system against pathogens.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen.

Hemoglobin

Protein increasing blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

Enucleated

Lacking a nucleus, enhancing oxygen transport.

Lifespan of Erythrocytes

Replaced every 120-130 days.

Leucocytes

White blood cells involved in immune response.

Pus

Accumulation of dead white blood cells.

Bone Marrow

Site of new white blood cell formation.

Granulocytes

Type of white blood cell with granules.

Macrophages

White blood cells that engulf pathogens.

Eosinophils

Granulocytes that kill parasites.

Basophils

Granulocytes that release histamines.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells producing B and T cells.

Platelets

Cytoplasmic fragments aiding in blood clotting.

Hemostasis

Process of stopping bleeding through clotting.

Functions of Blood

Includes transport, regulation, and protection.

Oxygen Delivery

Blood transports oxygen to body tissues.

Waste Transport

Carries metabolic waste to elimination sites.

Nutrient Transport

Distributes nutrients from digestion to cells.

Temperature Regulation

Maintains body temperature through vasodilation.

pH Regulation

Blood proteins act as buffers for pH.

Fluid Balance

Prevents excess fluid loss in circulation.

Immune Protection

Defends against pathogens and foreign substances.

Immune System

Defense mechanism against foreign invaders.

Anemia

Condition of insufficient red blood cells.

Insufficient Hemoglobin

Low levels of oxygen-carrying protein in blood.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder causing abnormal red blood cells.

Leukemia

Cancer of blood-forming tissues, affecting white blood cells.

Unspecialized Cells

Cells that have not differentiated into specific types.

Bone Marrow Suppression

Impairment of normal blood cell production.

White Blood Cells (WBC)

Cells that fight infections and disease.

Clotting

Process to stop bleeding by forming a clot.

Blood Types

Classification of blood based on antigens present.

Rh Factor

Protein that determines blood type compatibility.