PSY230- Freud and Neo-Freudians

Oral Stage - Freud

• Birth-18 months or 2 years

• Physical focus = mouth

• Theme = dependency

• Id

• Balance between overly independent and overly needy

  • Oral incorporative vs. oral sadistic

Anal Stage - Freud

• 18 months/2 years - 3 years

• Physical focus = anus

• Theme = self-control, obedience

• Ego

• Balance between overly rigid and overly under-controlled

  • Anal retentive vs. anal expulsive

Phallic Stage - Freud

• 3-5 years

• Physical focus = penis

• Theme = sexual identity; identification; superego development

• Superego

• Balance between well-adjusted to genitals and developing sexual perversions

• Freud thought homosexuality developed from not resolving this stage

Latency Stage - Freud

• 6 years-puberty

• Relationships with same-sex peers

• Little psychosexual development

• Learning skills

Genital Stage - Freud

• puberty-onward

• Physical focus = genitals

• Theme = creation, enhancement of life

  • Libido is developing

• Balance between satisfying own desires or others’ desires

Denial

Preventing the perception of the source of anxiety

Repression

Prevent recall of anything that may remind them of source of anxiety

Reaction Formation

Protect against a forbidden thought/impulse by saying pr doing the opposite

Projection

Attribute an unwanted impulse/attribute in oneself to other people

Rationalization

create a seemingly logical reason for doing something shameful

Intellectualization

Translate a threatening situation into cold, intellectual terms

Displacement

Redirect forbidden impulse onto a safer target

Sublimation

Convert base impulse into a noble cause

Overcompensation/Superiority Complex - Adler

An exaggerated sense of strengths

Inferiority Complex - Adler

An exaggerated sense of worthlessness

Theory of Mind - Jung

• Ego

  • Conscious

• Personal Unconscious

  • Contains 1) repressed and 2) unimportant information

  • Complexes: clusters of emotionally loaded thoughts

• Collective Unconscious

  • Transpersonal — collective experiences of humans throughout history

• Archetypes: a symbol for every universal experience

Theory of Personality - Jung

• Attitude: relating to the outer world

  • Extraversion: focused outside, social, unfocused

  • Introversion: focused inside, thoughtful, private (thought of introversion differently than the Big 5)

• Function: how you see the world/process information

  • Rational functions:

    • Thinking: logical, observant

    • Feeling: evaluates in terms to value, liking, worth

  • Irrational functions:

    • Sensing: use 5 senses, realistic, concrete

    • Intuiting: use hunches, creative

Power envy - Horney

• Women don’t envy men’s penises, but they do envy the power and privilege that men hold in society

• She later said that men may also envy women because less pressure to gain power is placed on them

Womb envy - Horney

• Male envy of not being able to get pregnant led to them claiming superiority in other fields and asserting their dominance that way

Psychosocial Stage 1 - Erikson

• 0-18 months

• Trust vs. Mistrust

• Virtue = hope (or fear)

• How can I be secure?

  • Child develops hope and confidence that needs will be met by caregivers

Psychosocial Stage 2 - Erikson

• 18 months-3 years

• Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

• Virtue = will (or self-doubt)

• How can I be independent?

  • Adults pressure the child to obey, but on the other hand, child wants control of his or her own life

Psychosocial Stage 3 - Erikson

• 3-5 years

• Initiative vs. Guilt

• Virtue = purpose (or worthlessness)

• How can I be powerful?

  • Child begins to anticipate life as an adult; learning skills, initiating activities, school begins

  • Support from adults allows sense of initiative

Psychosocial Stage 4 - Erikson

• 5-12 years

• Industry vs. Inferiority

• Virtue = competence (or incompetence)

• How can I be good?

  • Child must develop the skills and attitudes to succeed in the world of work or otherwise contribute to society

Psychosocial Stage 5 - Erikson

• 12-18 years

• Ego Identity vs. Role confusion

• Virtue = fidelity

• Who am I? How do I fit into the adult world?

  • Adolescent strives to figure out who he or she is and what is and is not important

  • At this stage individuals choose values and goals that are consistent, personally meaningful, and useful

• Identity crisis, negative identity, identity statuses

Psychosocial Stage 6 - Erikson

• 18-25 years

• Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Virtue = love

• How can I love?

  • Goal is to find an intimate life partner with whom to share important experiences and further development, rather than becoming isolated and lonely

Psychosocial Stage 7 - Erikson

• 25-65 years

• Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Virtue = care

• How can I fashion a “gift”?

  • As the person’s position in life becomes firmly set, does he/she settle into passive comfort or begin to turn his/her concerts to the next generation?

Psychosocial Stage 8 - Erikson

• 65+ years

• Ego integrity vs. Despair

• Virtue = wisdom

• How can I receive a “gift” (the gift of life)?

  • Does the person despair about earlier mistakes? Or has the person developed wisdom from experience?

Object Relations Theory - Klein and Winnicott

• Relationships are the most important part of life

• Analysis of interpersonal relationships

• Four principal themes

  • Every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration, or pleasure and pain

  • The mix of love and hate

  • Distinction between parts of the love object and the whole person

  • The psyche is aware of and disturbed by these contradictory feelings

Transitional Objects - Klein and Winnicott

• Bridge the gap between private fantasy and reality

• Sentimental objects for adults and a source of comfort

• Ex. someone may have a teddy bear that they’re very attached to since birth, and brought it to college to them when they moved out.  They would probably get really upset if they ever lost the bear because it’s now a transitional/comfort object