unit 4 aos 1 hhd

classifying countries methods

• developed or developing

• using GNI (gross national income)

classifying countries — developed or developing

• developed countries = high lvl econ development (e.g. range of industries, global market trading, high ave incomes) → not solely reliant on primary production (process to prod natural products for human use like mining, farming)

• developing countries = low lvl econ development → relies largely primary production, subsistence farming (self-sufficient farming by inds to provide food for themselves and fam)

— this method outdated bc subjective and no specific criteria

classifying countries — using GNI

• into low income, middle income (upper and lower), high income

• GNI per capita for each grp updated regularly to consider changes in ave incomes → hence countries can change grps

• world bank system uses ave incomes each country hence doesn’t consider variations within country or between diff countries in same grp

characteristics of low, middle, high income countries

• economic characteristics

• social characteristics

• envo characteristics

(note: often related and affect each other)

economic characteristics def (of low, middle, high income countries)

factors relating to financial state of country that can influence opportunities + resources available to citizens

economic characteristics of high income countries

• high ave incomes

• lower levels poverty

• wide range industries

• opportunities for global trade

wide range of industries vs limited range industries

• wide range industries = oft high income countries, e.g. mining, health care, scientific research, tech etc

• limited range industries = oft low income countries, centred on farming + primary production → reduced ability for them global market trade (as less prod less goods other countries need, self-circulate resources within country)

why is having range of industries beneficial

range of industries → increase probability some industries have +ve trade trends at given time → whereas if country’s industry relies on one resource when this resource impacted then trade sig affected for country wholly

what are opportunities for global trade influenced. by

• infrastructure (roads, ports, airports)

• knowledge and experience

— high income generally more access hence increase benefit from global trading, middle income building these resources, low income generally lack these resources hence cannot grow

poverty def

lack of access to resources often bc lack of access to money

— larger proportion of populs in low and middle income countries

— poverty level can be expr as proportion of those with incomes less than PPP$2.15 per day = extreme poverty → more in low and middle income countries

average income can be measured by

• GNI per capita (used to classify countries into the grps)

• GRP (gross domestic product) per capita → similar to GNI pc but. not adjusted for income by foreign citizens and citizens working in other countries

hence GNI pc more accurate

social characteristics of low, mid, high income countries

• gender equality

• birth and popul rates

• education levels + employment levels

• social security systems

• health systems

• access to tech

• legal systems

social characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — gender equality

• high income countries = oft exp high levels gender equality — both M and F have opportunities and choices in education, employment, social participation, recreation

• many low income countries = F don’t have same opportunities as males in comm — limited education opportunities, often do labour work (farming, collecting water etc)

• many middle income countries = greater levels gender equality →more F in paid employment → reduce levels poverty → improve country economy

social characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — birth and popul rates

• high income countries = low birth rates and slow rate popul growth → bc access to contraception, choice in fam planning, culture, education etc

• low and middle income countries = higher birth rates (limit parents ability care for all their kids and provide resources for healthy life) + high popul growth rates (limit govs ability provide services to citizens like education, healthcare etc)

social characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — education and employment levels

• high income countries = high rates education (ppl oft have choices level of education and type of career want to pursue) + gov give sig funds for education oppurtunities

• many low income countries = don’t have developed education system → career options oft limited → and parents often pay for kids go school

social characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — health systems

• high income countries = public health systems → people can access basic healthcare when need it regardless ability to pay

• low and middle income countries = ppl oft lack access suitable healthcare → -ve affect their h+w

envo characteristics of low, mid, high income countries

• access to safe water and sanitation

• food security

• adequate housing

• adequate infrastructure

• levels CO₂ emissions

envo characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — access to safe water and sanitation

• high and mid income countries = have access to safe water and sanitation

envo characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — food security

• high income countries = ppl oft have access quality food supply (of wider range?)

• low income countries = ppl oft lack food security → natural disasters (e.g. floods) more impactful on food availability bc ppl lack financial resources to buy food in emergencies

envo characteristics of low, mid, high income countries — adequate housing

• high income countries = ppl more access adequate housing

• low and mid income countries = lack access adequate housing → oft live in housing with poor ventilation, lack heating/cooling, poor infestation resistance (to disease carrying insects), lack cooking facilities, lack running water, poor protection from elements → also more urban slums

envo characteristics of low, mid, high income countries —- levels CO₂ emissions

• high income countries = range of industries → emit more CO₂ into atmos → enhanced greenhouse effect, climate change, rise in sea levels, changing weather

• low and mid income countries = these contributions to cc by high income countries → affects low and mid income countries most → bc lack economic resources to effectively deal with cc impacts

human development

creating an envo where ppl can develop to full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to needs and interests

• expanding ppl’s choices

• enhancing capabilities

• access to knowledge

• access decent standard of living

• participating in community’s life and decisions affecting their lives

human development notes

• make people, not country’s income, the focus

• providing ppl opportunities, not insisting ppl to make use of them

• freedom of choice

• one person’s choice shouldn’t -vely affect another ind’s ability to lead life they want

• ppl must influence + actively participate in shaping their lives

• improving ppl’s lives rather assume that economic growth = automatically lead to better lives → economic growth imp for this but not only part

human development —full potential

• opportunity to be better

• growth of ind, not stunted

• like food security, education

human development — productive + creative lives according to needs and interests

• not being forced to do certain job → do job that interests them

• health-promoting activities like exercise

• working/income

human development — expanding choices

• choice for employment, food, our own health (pregnancies, treatments), education, who and when to marry

human development — enhancing capabilities

• literacy skills (read and write)

• numeracy

• work skills

• financial understanding

— BEING TAUGHT HENCE INCREASING PPL ABILITY

human development — participating in community’s life and decisions affecting their lives

• planning and implementing programs, fundraisers, partaking in school and work

—

• voting, who and when to marry, when and where to work

human development — access to knowledge

• schools, educational opportunities

• health promotion (e.g. pamphlets)

• through culture

human development — access to decent standard of living

• having basic needs to live

• water, food, clean envo, shelter, healthcare

human development index (HDI)

single stat between 0-1 to measure + rank countries’ level of social and economic development → based on 3 dimensions and 4 indicators

HDI dimensions

• long and healthy life

• knowledge

• decent standard of living

HDI indicators

• dimension: long and healthy life = life expectancy at birth

• dimension: knowledge = mean yrs of schooling, expected yrs of schooling

• dimension: decent standard of living = Gross National Income per capita

mean yrs of schooling vs expected yrs of schooling (indicators of HDI — dimension = knowledge)

mean years of schooling: ave no. yrs formal education achieved by those 25 and over

expected yrs of schooling: no. yrs formal education expected for child of school-entrance age

GNI per capita

overall country income after expenses owed to other countries paid, divided by country popul

HDI notes

• closer score to 1 = greater level development

• uses more than economic indicators → overall standard of living seen more clearly

HDI advantages

• considers more than country’s economic state → more accurate rep of level of human development (thru education, life expectancy)

• composite stat → one number for all 3 dimensions and 4 indicators → easy comparison (numerous stats don’t need to be sorted and compared)

• can analyse overall progress of country over time (even if diff indicators have diff rates of progress)

HDI limitations

• based on averages hence doesn’t reflect inequalities within country (like minority groups that exp lower levels human development)

• only reflects some aspects of human development (others like gender equality, discrimination levels not considered)

• comparisons between countries difficult if diff countries have diff ways to measure each indicator

what can similarities in health status between countries look like

• increasing life expectancy

• decreasing mortality rates

• increasing rates of conditions

— generally trends of data

the under-5 mortality rate is a reflection of…

• nutritional and health st of mothers

• health literacy of mothers

• level of immunisation available

• income and food availability in the fam

• availability of clean water and sanitation

• overall safety child envo

why low and mid income countries have higher rates under-5 mortality

lower income → reduced food security → children undernourished → underdeveloped immune system → higher risk communicable disease can lead to death

why is YLD rate higher sometimes in high income countries than low income countries

bc YLD increases with life expectancy

(when ppl live longer → more likely experience chronic non-comm conds but can still survive with treatment→ hence increased YLD)

link between lack of education and employment

children with lack of access to education → limit their ability to develop skills → that will help to gain employment later → hence reduced chance to choose employment and afford resources for decent standard of living

examples of lower GNI per capita on level of human development experienced

• fams reduced ability afford education for kids → decreasing access to knowledge

• ppl less able afford healthcare → prevent from leading long and healthy lives

format for factors that affect health status and human development

factor → higher or lower (comparison between income groups) → explain impact of factor → increase/decrease in health status OR human development

factors that affect health status and human development between countries

• access to safe water

• sanitation

• poverty

• discrimination (race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender)

safe water

— clean water not contaminated with pathogens that cause disease or chems

purposes:

• drinking (consumption)

• food prep and cooking

• washing and hygiene

• agriculture and production

factors affecting human development — access to safe water

• lack of access to safe water → higher in low-income countries → children travel far distances to collect water → miss school often → decreases education levels and ability to gain future employment skills → decreases ability lead productive + creative lives according to interests as limited to certain jobs only (don’t have skills for others that interest them)

• lack of access to safe water → higher in low-income countries → women often travel far distances to collect water → decreased ability to find stable employment → reduced ability earn income → reduced access to resources for decent standard of living

factors affecting health status — access to safe water

• lack of access to safe water → higher in low income countries → children consume contaminated water instead like from surface water → have pathogens inside that can cause waterborne disease spread → children suffer from disease and can progress to fatal levels → increased under-5 mortality rate

• lack of access to safe water → higher in low-income countries → ppl travel long distance to collect water → increased strain on body and muscles → increased chance develop conditions like musculoskeletal ailments → increased incidence

sanitation

provision of facilities for safe disposal of human urine and faeces + maintenance of hygienic conditions thru services like garbage collection

• adequate sanitation = flushing toilet or covered latrine with hygienic containment or removal of waste

factora affecting human development — access to sanitation

• lack access to adequate sanitation → higher in low income countries → schools don’t have facilities → girls don’t attend esp when menstruating → decreased attendance at school for girls → reduced education levels and work skills → reduced ability to gain employment in future as lack skills → reduced ability to lead productive and creative lives according to needs and interests (may not have job that interests them as limited by their skills)

• lack access to adequate sanitation → higher in low income countries → people often forced to openly defecate in shared areas with others → area becomes dirty and unsanitary, attracts pests like flies → decreased access to decent standard of living

factors affecting health status — access to sanitation

• lack access to adequate sanitation → higher in low income countries → people forced to openly defecate as no facilities to store waste → excretion can leak into nearby water sources used for drinking → contaminated water consumed with pathogens → develop disease like cholera that can be fatal → increased mortality rates

• lack access to adequate sanitation → higher in low income countries → people forced to openly defecate as no facilities to store waste → open excretion can attract pests like flies → can be carriers of disease (vectors) → can trasmit communicable disease to humans in area → increased incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases

poverty def

deprivation of resources rooting from lack of income

resources e.g. nutritious food, shelter, health care, education opportunities

• less than PPP $2.15 per day is extreme poverty, less than 50% of country’s average income is relative poverty

factors affecting human development — poverty

• poverty → higher in low income countries → reduced ability parents send children school bc of costs like admissions fees, uniforms, textbooks → reduced education levels and work skills → reduced ability gain employment when older that they desire → reduced ability to lead productive and creative lives according to needs and interests

• poverty → higher in low income countries → reduced ability fams to purchase and live in adequate housing → housing may be makeshift, unsanitary, crowded → dangerous → reduced access to decent standard of living

factors affecting health status — poverty

• poverty → higher in low income countries → fams reduced ability buy nutritious foods for children → decreased development immune system → increased risk infection, decreaaed ability body fight → increased chance progress to fatal levels → increased under-5 mortality rates

• poverty → higher in low income countries → inds reduced ability afford prof healthcare → reduced diagnosis and treatment of diseases → diseases progress until reaching fatal level → reduced life expectancy

discrimination def

when ppl treated diff due to factors like race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity

factors affecting human development — racial discrimination

• racial discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of minority race can get rejected from job applications → reduced ability to do job that interests them as employers may hire influenced by race like skin colour, not skill or interest → reduced ability to lead productive and creative lives according to interests

• racial discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of minority race may be rejected from community due to being different from everyone else → reduced opportunity to participate in community events like volunteering as unwelcome presence → reduced ability participate in comm’s life

factors affecting health status — racial discrimination

• racial discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of minority race may feel excessive stress or anxiety at being in public from fear of abuse → risk factor for developing mental health disorders long-term → increased incidence conditions like depression

• racial discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of minority race may face physical abuse from those with racist mindsets → to serious extent they may end up in violent brawl → fatally injured → increased mortality rates

factors affecting human development — religious discrimination

• religious discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of specific religion can get rejected from job applications → reduced ability to do job that interests them as employers may hire influenced by religion not skill or interest → reduced ability to lead productive and creative lives according to interests

• religious discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of specific religion may be rejected from community due to being different from everyone else → reduced opportunity to participate in community events like volunteering as unwelcome presence → reduced ability participate in comm’s life

factors affecting health status — religious discrimination

• religious discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of specific religion may face physical abuse from those with racist mindsets → to serious extent they may end up in violent brawl → fatally injured → increased mortality rates

• religious discrimination → in high and low income countries → inds of specific religion may feel excessive stress or anxiety at being in public from fear of abuse → risk factor for developing mental health disorders long-term → increased incidence conditions like depression

factors affecting human development — discrimination based on sex

• discrimination based on sex → in high and low income countries → due to trad beliefs in comm young girls and women forced to marry someone → cannot choose when or who to marry bc if go against then abuse can result→ reduced expansion of choices

• discrimination based on sex → in high and low income countries → due to trad beliefs in comm young girls expected to stay at home to help with household or forced marriage → cannot attend school → reduced access to education and being taught literacy and numeracy skills → reduced enhancement of capabilities

factors affecting health status — discrimination based on sex

• discrimination based on sex → in high and low income countries → if women challenge men’s authority → increased risk violence → increased risk being fatally injured → increased mortality rates

• discrimination based on sex → higher in low income countries → women expected to carry out more laborious jobs like collecting water, instead of being educated to do non-laborious jobs → increased strain on women’s bodies like their backs and necks → increased risk back and neck injuries → increased incidence injuries

factors affecting human development — discrimination based on sexual orientation

• discrimination based on sexual orientation → in high and low income countries → law regulations against same-sex marriages → out of fear from punishment of law inds cannot marry who they want to of same sex → reduced reduced expansion of choices

• discrimination based on sexual orientation → in high and low income countries → inds in minority grp for sexual orientation doesn’t align to societal expectation → comm shun these inds → unwelcoming to them to participate in comm events / rejected entirely → reduced participation in comm life like planning + implementing programs

factors affecting health status — discrimination based on sexual orientation

• discrimination based on sexual orientation → in high and low income countries → law regulations against same-sex marriages → inds forced to hide their sexual orientation → may feel excessive stress or anxiety at constantly trying to hide who they truly are → risk factor for developing mental health disorders long term → increased incidence of conditions like depression

• discrimination based on sexual orientation → in high and low income countries → inds in minority grp for sexual orientation doesn’t align to societal expectations → may face physical abuse from others → aggression and violence can lead to fatal injuries → increased mortality rates

factors affecting human development — discrimination based on gender identity

• discrimination based on gender identity → in high and low income countries → children denied access education or distractions like bullying reduce focus when being taught → reduced ability to learn literacy and numeracy skills → reduced enhancement of capabilities

• discrimination based on gender identity → in high and low income countries → inds can get rejected from job applications → reduced ability to do job that interests them as employers may hire influenced by ind gender not skill or interest → reduced ability to lead productive and creative lives according to interests

factors affecting health status — discrimination based on gender identity

• discrimination based on gender identity → in high and low income countries → inds forced to hide their gender → may feel excessive stress or anxiety at constantly trying to hide who they truly are → risk factor for developing mental health disorders long term → increased incidence of conditions like depression

• discrimination based on gender identity → in high and low income countries → inds in minority grp for gender don’t align to societal expectations → may face physical abuse from others → aggression and violence can lead to fatal injuries → increased mortality rates

sustainability def

meeting present needs w/o compromising ability future gens meet their own needs

3 dimensions of sustainability

• social

• envo

• economic

economic sustainability

ensuring ave incomes in all countries can sustain decent standard of living + continue to rise alongside inflation and living costs into future

• trade

• innovation and diversity of industries

• job creation

• economic growth

economic sustainability — trade

• fair trade between countries → low and mid income countries can receive fair price on their products → can pay their workers higher income → reduced poverty → ppl can provide for themselves and fam → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• fair trade between countries → low and mid incomes countries can buy more fair priced products to import into their countries → ppl there receive more resources → easier to access decent standard of living → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

economic sustainability — innovation and diversity of industries

• range of industries → low and mid income countries don’t just rely on one industry (e.g. agriculture that strongly influenced by weather pattern) → so if this industry disrupted → can rely on others to provide income to ppl → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

economic sustainability — job creation

• job creation → increases employment opportunities → more ppl can earn stable income and provide for themselves and fam → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

social sustainability

creating equitable society where all ppl access social resources (human rights, education, healthcare etc) both now and in future

• promote equality thru poverty elimination + provision social protection systems

• gender equality

• access safe + decent working conditions

• promotion political + legal rights

• peace + security

social sustainability — promote equality thru poverty elimination + provision social protection systems

• (efforts for) poverty elimination → increase opportunity all ppl globally access resources (e.g. education, food, safe water) → reduce risk infectious disease → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• social protection systems → support vulnerable ppl unable to earn income → provide access essential resources (e.g. housing, food, basic healthcare) → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future — can think reducing levels stress and anxiety?

social sustainability — gender equality

• efforts to eliminate discrimination against females → females more socially included, less fear from being faced with exclusion/abuse → increased ability form part of society → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• efforts to eliminate discrimination against females → can make decisions about their own life, less domestic control → feel empowered to control their life + make decisions they want to → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• efforts to eliminate discrimination against females → increased law enforcement on abuse → reduced risk domestic violence as males faced with fear of punishment → improved safety women at home → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

social sustainability — access to safe and decent working conditions

• safe working conditions → includes ending child labour → children can stay in school and gain education + socialise with peers → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• safe working conditions → ppl feel empowered and comfortable when working → likely to stay in employment → earn reliable and stable income → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

social sustainability — promotion of political and legal rights

• improving political and legal rights → developing policies preventing discrimination → increase equal opportunity in employment → inds can earn reliable and stable income no matter race or gender they are → support themselves and fam → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• improving legal rights for women → develop laws to protect women from abuse more → reduce risk feel fear from being abused + being actually injured → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

social sustainability — peace and security

• peaceful and secure envo → lack of unsafe conditions that may prevent travelling to/being at school like conflict → kids can continue attend school and gain education safely → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• peaceful and secure envo → adults can find or maintain employment without disruptions from conflict → gain stable income → provide for themselves and fam with confidence of stability to do so → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

environmental sustainability

ensuring natural envo used in way that preserves resources into future

• biodiversity

• use of natural resources

• waste removal and pollution

• climate change

environmental sustainability — biodiversity

• increasing pollinating insect numbers like bees → increased growth insect-pollinated crops → increased global food supply → increased food security → allows ppl to have adequate nourishment → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

environment sustainability — use of natural resources

• sustainable use of renewable resources (e.g. timber, fish) → allows ppl earn income → provide for themselves and fam → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future (future gens can use these natural resources too)

• sustainable use of natural resources → preserves the envos they gotten from → these outdoor envos can be a source of relaxation for ppl + place to socialise → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

environmental sustainability — waste removal and pollution

• adequate waste removal near water sources → ensures sustainable access to clean water → reduced risk contaminated water with pathogens consumed → decreased risk develop water-borne disease like cholera → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

environmental sustainability — climate change

• efforts to minimise climate change progression → stabilise weather and rainfall patterns → less risk natural disasters like floods → ppl less exposed to dangerous and disruptive conds → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

• efforts to minimise climate change progression → sea levels don’t rise as fast → reduced displacement of ppl living near coasts → reduce anxiety and stress of relocating, allow them continue their lives → promoting (health aspect) globally, now and in the future

refer to google docs for ch 10