Studied by 7 people
Cardiac Output
amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
CO = HR x SV
Cardiac Reserve
the difference between CO at rest and at max (exercise)
Heart Regulation
intrinsic: regulates from normal functional control
extrinsic: involves neural and hormonal control
Stroke Volume Regulation
preload: amount of stretch of ventricular walls before contraction
after load: pressure in contracting ventricles must produce to overcome aortic pressure
contractility: forcefulness of contraction of ventricle muscle fibres / controlled by positive or negative inotropic agents
Heart Rate Regulation
PNS: vagus nerve decreases HR with acetylcholine hyperpolarization
SNS: cardiac accelerator nerves increase HR by opening Ca2+ channels
hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
Heart and Homeostasis
homeostasis of blood pressure, pH/CO2/O2, extracellular ion concentration, body temperature
Plama Composition
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
Erythrocytes
red blood cells / biconcave disks / no nucleus and mitochondria / contains hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
4 globin and 4 heme
Heme Breakdown
biliverdin → bilirubin (blood → liver → bile → small intestine) → urobilogen → stercobilin → feces
Carbonic Anhydrase
converts water and carbon dioxide to carbonic acid
Erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells / 4 days / 2 million degenerated per second / 120 days in circulation
Leukocyte Movements
diapedis and chemotaxis
Types of Leukocytes
granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
agranulocytes
lymphocutes
monocytes
Thrombocytes
platelets / have glycoproteins for platelet adhesion / form platelet plugs
Red Blood Cell Recycling
natural degeneration
separation of components
globin: protein that recycles amino acids
heme: iron removed and recycled
Cell Origins
proerythroblasts → erythrocytes
myeloblasts → granulocytes
lymphoblasts → lymphocytes
mono blasts → monocytes
megakaryoblasts → thrombocytes
Vasa Vasorum
blood vessels that supply arteries and veins
Portal Veins
2 capillary networks in series / hepatic (GI and spleen → liver) and hypophyseal (hypothalamus → anterior pituitary gland)
Types of Arteries
elastic, muscular, arterioles
Metarterioles
terminal end / last area with smooth muscle
Veins
thin, less elastic tissue, increased diameter, do not dilate or constrict
Types of Capillaries
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid
Fenestrae
where cytoplasm is absent and membrane is made of thin porous diaphragm
Layers of Blood Vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
Note 
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