Lecture: respiratory system (exam 3)

bodies need to ____ oxygen and _____ carbon dioxide

obtain, remove

to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, you need the _____ system and the ______ system

respiratory, circulatory

what is respiration

the exchanging of gases between the atmosphere and body cells

respiration consists of _______: movement of ___ into and ___ of the ____

ventilation, gases, out, lungs

respiration consists of: _____ _____ between the _____ and blood

gas exchange, lungs

respiration consist of: _____ _____ in the bloodstream

gas transport

respiration consists of: ___ ______ between the ____ and body cells

gas exchange, blood

respiration consist of ____ _____: _____ process that releases _____ from ____ compounds

cellular respiration, cellular, energy, organic

purposes of the respiratory system

air distribution, gas exchange, filter, warmer, humidifier, sound, speech, smell, maintain pH hemostasis

one of the three types of respiration: external

inhalation and exhalation of gases (O2)

one of the three types of respiration: internal

gas exchange between the blood and body cells

one of the three types of respiration: cellular

reason we need to breath oxygen- for energy to survive and function

what are the 3 major stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, citric acid, electron transport chain

glycolysis

anaerobic

citric acid (krebs cycle)

uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide

electron transport chain

(aerobic) uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide

organs of the upper respiratory tract

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, glottis, larynx

organs of the lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

nasal cavity: ____ spaces in nose. filters, ___, and ____ air

hollow, warms, moistens

pharynx: chamber ____ to ____ ____; lies between ___ ____ and ____. connection to _____ regions

posterior, oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, surrounding

glottis: _____ into _____. passage of ___ into _____

opening, larynx, air, larynx

larynx: _____ organ that houses the ___ ___; voice ___. ____ production

cartilaginous, vocal cords, box, sound

trachea: flexible tube that connects ____ with ____. passage of ___ to _____

larynx, bronchi, air, bronchi

bronchi: paired tubes ____ to the _____ that enter the ____. passage of ___ to the ____. 

inferior, trachea, lungs, air, lungs

bronchioles: branched tubes that lead from ____ to ____. passage of ___ to each _____

bronchi, alveoli, air, alveolus

lungs: soft cone shaped that occupy ____ portions of _____ _____. ___ exchange, ____ ____ _____; conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

lateral, thoracic cavity, gas, acid base balance

alveoli: air sacs that branch from ______. passage of ____ into and out of _____ _____.

bronchioles, gases, pulmonary capillaries

pulmonary capillaries: capillaries that ____ surface of ____. receives ___ from alveoli; oxygenation of _______; deliver CO2 from ____ to _____

cover, alveoli, oxygen, hemoglobin, tissues, alveoli

one of the functional division of the respiratory system: ______ zones- nose to terminal ______. air delivery only, no ___ ______

conducting, bronchials, gas exchange

one of the functional divisions of the respiratory system: ______ zones (gas exchange)- bronchioles, ____, and alveolar ____

respiratory, ducts, sacs

nose and nasal cavity: warms, moistens, and _____ incoming air - Hairs (______) & ____ trap particles, dust & bacteria, Enables ______ (sense of smell)

filters, vibrissae, mucus, olfaction

what is the nose and nasal cavity lined with

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

nose and nasal cavity: sweeping motion moves particles toward the ____ – “____ escalator”- Swallowed & destroyed in the _____

pharynx, mucus, stomach

4 paranasal sinuses: lined with ____ mucus ______. decreases ____ of ____ and is a _____ resonating chamber

ciliated, membranes, weight, skull, voice

pharynx: “throat” 5 in long, made of ____, lined with ____ _____. has three parts: ______, ______, _______

muscle, respiratory membrane, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

tonsils

lymph tissue- immune system

pharyngeal tonsils

adenoids

palatine tonsils

most commonly removed

lingual tonsils 

seldom removed

at the base of the _____, food/water/air will ____ to go to the _____ or the _____

pharynx, split, larynx, esophagus

food/air/water go from the esophagus to the _____ ______

stomach posteriorly

the ____ moves air into and out of the ____. it houses the ____ ____- air flow caused by ____ of ____ ____, causing _____

larynx, trachea, vocal cords, vibrations, elastic tissue, vocalization

true vocal cords

produce speech

false vocal cords

do not produce speech

epiglottis

closes off larynx during swallowing

glottis

hole that the epiglottis covers

__ cartilages make up the ____. one ___ (adams apple), one ____ (under thyroid), one _____ (covers glottis)

nine, larynx, thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

______ _______- prominent aspect of _____ gland that is common in ____

laryngeal eminence, thyroid, males

muscle in larynx: extrinsic- connect to ____ from outside larynx and moves the ____. connect to areas such as the ____ bone, base of ____ muscles, helps with ______

larynx, larynx, hyoid, glossus, swallowing

muscles in larynx: intrinsic- muscles lie within the _____ and function to change ____ of ____ within the larynx. modifies _____

larynx, shape, cartilage, voice

trachea: cartilage supported ____ (4.5 in long). has _____ rings to keep air flowing. bottom ring ___ into left and right _____ ______

airway, cartilaginous, splits, primary bronchi-carina

what is the trachea lined with

ciliated mucus membrane of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

mucus blanket- > 125 mL of ___ a day is produced to protect ______. cilia stop beating with _____. present-eventually ______

mucus, airways, toxins, forever

bronchial tree: progressive _____ branching. results in narrower, shorter and more numerous ____

airway, tubes

primary bronchi are to the

right and left

_____ lung is more ____ and _____, objects often get stuck in there

right, vertical, aspirated

secondary bronchi

one each lobe (3 right, 2 left)

tertiary 

each segment

conducting zone: cartilage supported ______, no ____ ____ with blood

airways, gas exchange

respiratory zone: site of ___ _____ with blood. contains ____ capable of exchanging _____ and ____ ____. has only one layer of _____ ____ ____ in both ____ and ______, allowing gas to diffuse.

gas exchange, airways, oxygen, carbon dioxide, simple squamous epithelium, airways, capillaries

what does the respiratory zone contain

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs (alveoli)

alveoli: air filled sacs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries (300 million-915 sq ft for air exchange.) very thin ____ _____(_____ _____ _____). site of ___ ______ between air and blood. contains ______- reduces _____ _____ and prevents _____ from _____ and _____ together. 

diffusion barrier, simple squamous epithelium, gas exchange, surfactant, surface tension, airways, collapsing, sticking

right lung has 3 lobes ( ____,____,____)

superior, middle, inferior

right lung fissures 

oblique and horizontal 

left lung has two lobes (____, _____)

superior, inferior

left lung fissure

oblique

lung parts are:

apex, base, hilam, costal surface

thoracic cavity: diaphragm- larged ____ muscle with ____ ____

doomed, central tendon

chest or thoracic wall- consists of ____ ____, ___ and ______ muscles, ____ _____, and _____. wall is covered with ____ ____, lung by _____ ____.

vertebral column, ribs, intercostal, costal cartilages, sternum, parietal pleura, visceral pleura 

interpleural space

potential space between parietal and visceral pleura, always negative

pneumothorax- air leaks from ____ or outside, since pressure is _____, air flows in, fills in space— _____ lung

lung, negative, collapse

diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalene

inspiration

diaphragm, abdominal muscles, internal intercostals

expiration

Boyles law: the _____ of gas varies ______ with the _____ at a given _______.

volume, inversely, pressure, temperature

inhale- pressure goes

down

exhale- pressure goes 

up

atmospheric pressure- air around us is _______ by the column of the ___ in the sky (760 mmHg)

compressed, air

______ cavity pressure > 760, you exhale, < 760 you will inhale

thoracic

compliance- ability of lungs to ____ and _____ ____ . decreases with ____

stretch, change volume, age

Charles law: volume is directly ______ to temperature

proportional 

Daltons law- law of partial _____, pressure of each ___ added together = total gas pressure

pressures, gas

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, <1% carbon dioxide, water

our air

pressure always flows from ____ to _____

high, low

spirometry 

measurement of different air volumes in the lungs.

spirometer

instrument that measures lungs volumes

tidal volume (TV)- ____ moved in or out of lungs during respiratory cycle. ___ mL

volume, 500

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)- volume that can be ____ during ____ breathing in addition to _____ _____. ____ mL

inhaled, forced, tidal volume, 3000

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)- volume that can be _____ during _____ breathing in addition to ____ ____. _____ mL

exhaled, forced, tidal volume, 1100

residual volume (RV)- volume that remains in lungs even after _____ expiration. _____ mL

maximal, 1200

vital capacity (VC)- _____ volume of air that can be _____ after taking the _____ breath possible. VC= TV+IRV+ERV. _____ mL

maximum, exhaled, deepest, 4600

total lung capacity (TLC)- total volume of air that the lungs can ____. (TLC)= VC + RV. _____ mL

hold, 5800

pulmonary capacities and airflow: dead space- about ___ of ___ or about 150 mL.

30%, TV

pulmonary capacities and airflow: anatomical dead space- ___ lining the pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, that doesn’t make it to the _____

air, alveoli

pulmonary capacities and airflow: physiologic dead space- when ____ cant get to an _____ (e.g. pulmonary embolus), that ___ cannot not used either

blood, alveoli, air

pulmonary capacities and airflow: alveolar ventilation- only the air that gets to the ____ can be used to _____ gases in ____

alveoli, exchange, lungs

alveolar ventilation= tidal volume - ___ ___

dead space

emphysema- alveolar sacs lose a lot of their _____ area, increased ____ ____

surface, dead space

airflow to alveoli 

alveolar ventilation 

blood flow to alveoli

alveolar perfusion

If there is lots of _____ at a given _____, arterioles to that capillary will be _____ to _____ blood flow & vice versa

oxygen, alveoli, dilated, increase