ap euro tri 1 final

boil

first symptom of bubonic plague

urban congestion and poor sanitation

causes of Black Death

per capita wealth

the losses of the Black Death increased this, benefiting the economy for workers

flagellants

radical religious people who whipped themselves for penance

100 years war

parliament met more frequently during this event, setting off early stages of a more representative government

florence

first city to see the Renaissance

city-states

fragments that made up Italy that people were intensely loyal to

balance of power

the idea that other city-states would check an individual city-state if it gained too much power

individualism

celebration of personal achievement and unique skills

humanism

revival of antiquity with a focus on people - studied classics to find out about human nature

secularism

life should be lived independent of religion - religious salvation is not the only motivation

the prince

states that the government should provide order, safety, and security

domestic spheres

where women were said to belong during the renaissance

northern renaissance

more religiously focused and financially well-off

art

created through patronage, symbolized wealth and corporate power

1315-1322

period of scarcity and starvation

boil

first symptom of bubonic plague

clergy

those who cared for the sick and buried the dead during the plague

battle of crecy

english victory resulted from the effective use of longbows

priests

often instructed to deliver patriotic sermons by english and french kings to influence public opinion

literacy

spread in response to the needs of commerce and government

joan of arc

young woman who saved france during the 100 years war

babylonian captivity

rome was left poverty stricken in the absence of the papacy

marriage

determined by economic considerations and parental direction in the middle ages

divorce

did not exist in the middle ages

popolo

group of disenfranchised and heavily taxed citizens who resented their exclusion from power

clocks

their invention and introduction into daily life transformed european society

printing press

invented around 1454, this led to a rise of vernacular literature and national culture

pluralism

the practice of clerics holding several offices

faith

Luther believed this was the only path to salvation

diet of worms

luther was called by charles v to recant his beliefs

word of god

where luther maintained all authority rested

all believers

luther believed the priesthood consisted of

12 articles

swabian peasants expressed their grievances

peasant revolts

luther initially sided with them, then switched his opinion

home

luther's idea of women's specific domain

peace of augsburg

officially recognized lutheranism in 1555

95 theses

luther presented his objection to indulgences and clerical abuses

transubstantiation

communion literally becomes the body/blood of Christ

consubstantiation

communion just represents Christ in spirit

calvinism

focused on morality and governed geneva

predestination

calvinists believed people are destined from birth to go to either heaven or hell, and most were confident they were going to heaven

anabaptists

supported religious toleration, opposed infant baptisms, and allowed women in clergy; they were persecuted and executed

english reformation

henry viii consolidated his power and broke away from the catholic church

supremacy act

henry viii announced the king is head of the anglican church

elizabethan settlement

series of laws that required outward conformity to the anglican church but left private practice up to individuals

catholic reformation

the catholic church recognized the need for change and addressed clerical abuses but retained its core values/beliefs

counter-reformation

catholics fought the spread of protestantism, including through the index of prohibited books

council of trent

catholic church officials met to address reforms

jesuits

new religious order that expanded the reach o the church to developing countries

ursuline order of nuns

female new religious order, education of women

huguenots

french calvinists

st bartholomew's day massacre

thousands of huguenots killed in paris

politiques

group of moderates who believed the restoration of a strong monarchy was needed in france

edict of nantes

restored peace in france by restoring limited religious toleration

union of utrecht

non-spanish-controlled area of netherlands

portugal

state that got a headstart on exploration

biosocial

most significant changes brought by the columbian voyages

michel de montaigne

developed the literary genre of the essay

peace of westphalia

1648 - end of the thirty years' war and the general era of religious wars

peace of augsburg

states of holy roman empire/germany were either protestant of catholic based on their prince

price revolution

prices increase substantially in the 16th century, benefiting the middle class

treaty of tordesillas

spain and portugal divide the atlantic

baroque

art and music movement meant to ignite passion and reignite faith among people

bartolome de las casas

defended native americans' human rights

netherlands

this country did not experience great economic difficulties in the 17th century though the rest of europe did

peasants

government greatly increased taxes on these citizens to pay for larger armies

sovereignty

a state possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and use of force

rasion d'etat

richelieu's idea that actions that go against christianity are justified if they are in the best interest of the state

louis xiv

french absolutism reached its peak under his reign

cooperation

relationship between louis xiv and the nobility

jean baptiste colbert

created a powerful merchant marine

classicism

french artistic movement that possessed qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint

peace of utrecht

agreement that ended war between france and the grand alliance

spain

this country's economy suffered due to an overdependence on the flow of silver

don quixote

novel that represented the idealistic but impractical nature of spain

dutch east india company

organization funded by joint-stock company, engaged in commercial expansion and imperialistic exploitation of asia and latin america

oligarchy

governing body of dutch republic

fronde

french civil wars between 1648 and 1653 - upheavals caused convinced young louis xiv that only absolute monarchy could prevent anarchy

constitutionalism

balance of authority and power of the government, liberty of subjects

oliver cromwell

established military dictatorship after english civil war

puritans

wanted to get rid of all traces of catholicism and purify anglican church

second treatise of civil government

john locke's foundation for english and american democracy - advocated life, liberty, and property

serfdom

hereditary subjugation re-established in eastern europe by the middle of the 17th century

lords

individuals who gained power in eastern europe while monarchs gained power in western europe

religious toleration

uncommon in absolutist eastern europe

ottomans

had the most power in europe in their 16th century peak

junkers

nobility and landowning class that dominated prussia

prussia

developed the most disciplined army in europe by 1740

cossacks

outlaw armies that were beyond the tsar's reach

peter the great

interested primarily in military power

westernization

occurred in russia for the first time due to peter's desire for modern technology

baroque

art style that grew out of the revitalized catholic church

st petersburg

peter's modern capital

frederick william

loved tall, handsome soldiers

hereditary subjugation

bound peasants to their lords from one generation to the next

millets

religious communities that developed in ottoman empire, which had relative religious tolerance

sultan's slave corps

staffed top levels of bureaucracy

ptolemaic system

universe was a series of concentric spheres

tabula rasa

john locke believed that the mind started as a blank sheet and people were molded by their experiences