The Skeletal system and joints of domestic animals

Study of the bones that make up the skeleton

Osteology

Differences among mammalian skeletal system reflects what?

Adaptations to specific lifestyles

Why is each bone considered a living structure?

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

What are some examples of bones being living?

Subject to diseases, undergo repair, adjust to change in stress

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

Protection, support, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

What are the two main minerals found in bones?

Calcium and phosphorus

Hard layer that covers most bones

Compact (dense or cortical) bone

Porous network; spaces usually filled with marrow

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

Either end of a long bone (proximal and distal)

Epiphysis

Cylindrical shaft of a long bone (between epiphyses)

Diaphysis

Widest part of a long mature bone

Metaphysis

Layer of hyaline cartilage (bone growth area)

Epiphyseal cartilage or disk (physis)

Thin layer of hyaline covering the articular surface

Articular cartilage

Fibrous membrane covering the bone surface (exception: articular cartilage)

Periosteum

Fibrous membrane lining the marrow cavity

Endosteum

Greater in one dimension (ex. 2cm by 12cm/ rectangle)

Long

Equal in all dimensions (ex. 2cm on all sides/ cube)

Short

Two planes of compact bones (laminas externa and interna)

Flat

Along the course of tendons

Sesamoid

Air spaces (sinuses)

Pneumatic

Unpaired bones in the median plane

Irregular

Bones that support, locomotion, and prehension/grasp

Long

Example of a long bone

Femur

Bones that are for shock absorption

Short

Example of a short bone

Carpus

Bones that are for protection of vital organs

Flat

Example of flat bone

Scapulae

Bones that reduce friction

Sesamoid

Example of a sesamoid bone

Patella

Bones that communicate with the exterior

Pneumatic

Example of a pneumatic bone

Frontal bone

Bones that work in protection, support, and muscular attachment

Irregular

Example of irregular bones

Vertebrae

Bones on or attached to the midline (axis) of the body

Axial skeleton

What bones are apart of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribcage

Composed of median unpaired irregular bones (vertebrae)

Vertebral column

What is the acronym for the vertebral column?

CTLSCd

What does the C stand for in the vertebral column?

Cervical vertebrae, neck region

What does the T stand for in the vertebral column?

Thoracic, chest

What does L stand for in the vertebral column?

Lumbar, loin

What does S stand for in the vertebral column?

Sacral, pelvis

What does the Cd stand for in the vertebral column?

Caudal (coccygeal), tail

Forms the floor of the thorax

Sternum

Individual bones of the sternum

Sternebrae

Forms the lateral wall of the thorax

Rib

The number of pairs of tibs are usually the same as what?

The number of thoracic vertebrae

What is contained in the appendicular skeleton?

Bone of the limbs (pectoral and pelvic limbs)

Flat triangular bone

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Forms a joint with the scapula

Clavicle

Who has clavicle bones?

Birds and higher primates

What do most quadrupeds have instead of a clavicle?

Clavicular tension

What differs in bird clavicles?

Fused clavicle

What are the fused clavicle bones in birds called?

Furcula/Whish bone

Separate bone in bird in addition to the scapula and clavicle

Coracoid

Stabilizes the shoulder joint

Coracoid process

Where is the coracoid process found?

Humand and domestic animals

Long arm bone

Humerus

Antebrachium bones; long bones in the form arm

Radius and Ulna

Short bones in the wrist

Carpus

What is the “wrist” called in birds?

Carpometacarpus

Long bones in the fingers (inbetween the carpus and phalanges)

Metacarpals

In horses, how is their metacarpus?

One long metacarpal bone (cannon bone) and two small metacarpal splint bones

Number one to five from medial to lateral (depending on the species)

Digits

Another word for the proximal phalanx in horses

Long pastern bone

Another word for middle phalanx in horses

Short pastern bone

Another word for the distal phalanx in horses

Coffin bone

How many sesamoid bones do horses have?

Three

Half of the pelvis

Hemipelvis

How many bones are in each half of the pelvis?

3

The hemipelvis fuses to form what?

Os coxae or pelvic bone

Largest, more dorsal pelvic limb

Ilium

Floor of the pelvic area

Ischium

Smallest, cranial part of the floor of the pelvic cavity

Pubis