MODERN SOCIAL POLICY IN EDUCATION

What party set up comprehensivisation?

Labour

What is comprehensivisation?

the replacement of the three schools in the tripartite system with one school for all children

Why was comprehensivisation enforced?

to attempt to deal with the inequality in schools

When was comprehensivisation enforced?

1970s

what was the issue with examination results in comprehensives?

critics claimed that the comprehensive system would lower educational standards

What was the issue with social class division in comprehensive schools?

educational qualifications remained the same but class division still remained

What was the issue with streaming and setting in comprehensive schools?

reinforced social class divisions

When was conservative educational policy enforced?

1979

What were the aims of the conservatives in regards to education?

develop an educational system that met the needs of industry and to raise the standards of education

What is new vocationalism?

governemnt involvment in youth training for for specialised industry careers

Who introduced new vocationalism?

conservatives

What were examples of new vocationalism in action?

YTS’s and GNVQ’s

What were the criticisms of new vocationalism?

no parity of esteem, easier, reinforces class and gender divide, criticised for not actually providing the education needed for industry

What did the educational reform act establish?

national curriculum, marketisation

When was the educational reform establishedd?

1988

What was the national curriculum?

all students age 5-16 must study three core subjects of english, maths and science

What were the issues with the SATS?

still had a class divide, unnecessary stress for kids, bias due to internal marking

what is marketisation?

refers to the process of introducing market forces into areas run by the state, eg education

How did the ERA create an education market?

increase parental choice, increased competition between schools, reduce direct state control

How has competition increased in schools?

league tables, ofsted, exma results, facilities, formula funding and increased subject options

What are the advantages of school league tables?

cheap, accessible to parents, may encourage schools to improve

What are the disadvantages of school league tables?

pressure on schools and teachers, only see exam results, bad schools get worse

What is business sponsorship of schools?

sponsors provide schools with money for facilities, in return schools will advertise the business

How does business sponsorship in schools increase marketisation?

promotes schools to improve in order to attract sponsors and gain more facilities

What is schools being able to out of LEA control?

schools can become academies, and are controlled by the government and not LEAs

What is an LEA?

local education authority

How does opting out of LEA control increase marketisation?

increases differences between schools and then competition and can find cheaper facilities

How does Ofsted increase marketisation?

increases competition

Why have educational policies?

improve exam results, address inequality, create a specialised workforce

What is a parentocracy?

power shifts away from the producers (schools) to the consumers (parents)

What does Miriam david say about the advantages of marketivisation?

encourages diversity in schools, gives parents choices and raises standards

What do Ball and whitty say about the disadvantages of marketivisation?

reproduces inequality, bad schools get worse

What is cream skimming?

good schools can be more selective, choose their own customers and recruit high achieving middle class kids, perpetuate

What is silt shifting?

bad schools find it hard to find pupils, no formula funding, do badly in league tables, get worse

What are Gerwitz’s three types of choosers?

skilled, semi skilled and disconnected

What does Ball say about the myth of parentocracy?

parents have no choice as they are constrained by class

What do leech and Campos say?

middle class parents can afford to move to catchment areas of good schools

What are some new labour policies?

education action zones, surestart centres, aim higher, free admission to higher education, national literacy strategy

Why are marketisation policies not metocratic?

they favour the middle class

What is neoliberalism?

based on economic principeles, state shouldn’t provide services

What are the two roles of the state, are they enough?

imposing a framework, tansmission of shared culture, no

What is Chubb and Moes solution?

give vouchers to parents which they then spend on education

What are the criticisms of Chubb and Moes solutions?

no difference to unskilled choosers, same issues as before

What is Chubb and Moes findings on consumer choice?

students from low income families do 5% better in private schools, sample of 60,000 american pupils, the education system is not meritocratic

By 2021, how many Uk schools had converted to academies?

78 percent

How did labour and the conservative governments differ in their treatments of academies?

labour targeted disadvantaged areas, whereas the coalition allowed anyone to become an academy, removing the focus on inequality

What do supporters of free schools claim?

they drive up educational achievement by taking control from the state and giving power to the parents, gives parents and teachers an opportunity to start a school if they are unhappy with the current one

What does Rebecca Allen (2010) say about free schools?

In Sweden, 20 percent of schools are free schools, and only benefit the highly educated families

What do critics say about free schools?

socially divisive, lower standards

What has happened to Swedens international education ranking since introducing free schools?

it has fallen

What have US charter schools been criticised for?

for appearing to raise standards when really only using selection and exclusion policies

What do Uk free schools accept less of?

disadvanted students

What happened to Bristol free school by 2011?

6.4 Percent of students were eligible for FSM as opposed to 22.5 percent of students across the city

What is fragmentation?

the comprehensive system is being replaced by a patchwork of diverse provision, much of it involving private providers that leads to a greater inequality in opportunities

What is centralisation of control?

central gov alone has the power to allow/require schools to become academies or allow free schools to be set up, these schools funded by the central gov and has reduced LEA control

What are the criticisms of the conservative governments policies on education?

austerity progammes have cut funding for schools by 60 percent, closures of surestart centres which disadvantages WC children

What do Buckingham and Scanlon say about globalisation of educational policy?

Uks 4 leading educational providers are foreign,

How do education policies become globalised?

original companies offer contracts outside of the UK

What Uk edu-businesses operate outside of the uk?

Prospects works in China, Macedonia and Finland

What does Molnar say about the cola-isation of schools?

schools are targeted by private companies because of their good reputation

What does Ball say baout the cola-isation of schools?

a cadbury’s sports equipment programme was scrapped as it was revealed that students would have to eat 5,4450 chocoalte bars to qualify for a single set of volleyball posts

What does Sharon beder say about the cola-isation of schools?

Uk families spent £110,000 in Tesco supermarkets in return for a single computer for schools

What did a multicultural education aim to promote?

minority ethnic cultures, by valuing all cultures

What are the criticisms of multicultural education?

Stone says that black kids fail due to racism not lack of confidence, perpetuates cultural divisions (new right claims), CD theorists claim that it is tokenistic

What are the aims of conservative government policy towards education?

David cameron ‘excellence,competition and innovation’

What did the conservatives do about academies from 2010?

schools encourged to leave LEA control, funding taken from the LEA and given directly to the schools

What did the conservatives do about free schools from 2010?

parents and teachers now allowed to set up their own schools

What did the conservatives from 2010 do about allowing grammar schools to expand?

establish ‘annexes’ of poorly performing schools nearby, EG Tonbridge in kent established an annexe 10 miles away

what does Ball say about fragmented centralisation?

promoting academies and free schools haslead to increased fragmentation and centralisation of control of educational provision in England

What policies did the conservatives enact from 2010 to battle social inequality?

FSM and pupil premium

What are the critisisms of pupil premium?

pupil premium is often not spent on what it’s supposed to, teachers say that it is not hugely beneficial

According to Ball and Youdell what is exogenous privatisation?

privatisation of education

According to Ball and Youdell, what is endogenous privitasation?

privaisation in education

What is the blurring of the private/public boundaries?

many sector officials in the public sector are now going over to the private sector and taking their knowledge with them

what is the privatisation and globalisation of education policy?

many private companies in the education system are now foreign owned

What is the cola-isation of schools?

private sector penetrating schools through vending machines

What does Stuart Hall say about the conservative policy?

describes it as the long march of the neoliberal revolution, privatisation and competition drive up standards is a myth and promotes inequality

What have policies been like on gender?

previously very harsh towards girls (11 plus exams), now very much promote equality (GIST and WISE)

What were assimilation policies?

in the 60s and 70s, helped particulary with english as a second language, but critics claim that underachievement is due to racism instead