Biology first semester

What are prokaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and are unicellular.

Ex.Bacteria

What are eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and are multicellular.

Ex. Animals

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis keeps everything in balanced.

What is cellular transport?

Cellular transport is the movement of ions and molecules.

What is ATP?

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is energy.

anaerobic

no oxygen.

Aerobic

uses oxygen

Passive

No energy

Active

Uses energy

DNA

Double stranded, Deoxyribose, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine

RNA

Single stranded, ribose, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine.

Cell Respiration

1.Glycolysis-Ananerobic, cytoplasm, covert into useable form.

2.Krebs cycle- aerobic, inside mitochondria.

3.Electron Transport- aerobic, mitochondria, transfer to protein chambers.

Cell cycle

interphase- cells grows and replicates DNA, cell function G1-cell grows S-replicates DNA G2-cell grows.

Mitosis- splits cells, Pro-spindle forms, nucleus breaks down Meta- move to middle/ line up in the middle Ana- moves aways from the middle, opposites sides Telo- two cells.

Cytokinesis

after telophase, spits the two cells.

Cancer

cell out of control, go under mitosis faster

DNA(coding)

ATCG

mRNA(coding)

UAGC

Transcription

Write DNA into a message

Protein Synthesis

DNA turns into Protein

Mono

2 genotypes

dihy

4 genotypes

Translation

Make proteins, bring amino acids together

Non Medelian inheritance

do not segregate

Heterozygous

2 different pairs

Homozygous

Same pairs

Meiosis

Pro1- cross over chromosomes Pro2- spindle form

Meta1- pairs middle Meta2-single file

Ana1- pulls aways Ana2- choromo pull away

Telo1- two cells Telo2- four cells

Carbs

Energy, structure, mono ,ends-ose CHO

Lipids

Insulation stores, Glycerol + fatty acids CHO

Proteins

Muscle, Enzymes, structure, amino acids CHON

Nucleic

store, transmit, hereditary, nucleotide, CHONP

photosynthesis equation

6CO2+ 6H2O———C6H12O6+6O2

Cell respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2———6CO2+6H2O2+ATP

same as photo but switch the reactants and products

Enzymes

ends in-ase

speed up reactions, have ideal climates, can make or break substances

Active sites

they have specific substrates

Nitrogen cycle

Producers take in nitrogen compounds in soil and pass it to consumers

Carbon cycle

Carbon is recycled through respiration or photosynthesis etc

Symbiosis

Permanent, close association between organisms

Mutualism

Relationship that benefits both parties/organisms

Commensalism

One organism benefits but the other doesn’t(toxic relationship)

Parasitism

One benefits but harms the other

Primary succession

Pioneer organism lichens and mosses

Secondary succession

Changes that take place after the area was destroyed weeds and grasses

Transport system plant

Xylem and Phloem

Xy- carries water roots to leaves

Ph-carries glucose leaves to plant

Reproductive system plant

Female-pistils ovary

Male stamen pollen

Both create offspring

Response system plant

Plant hormones

Light-photo

Up-gravity

Touch-thigmtro

Are Viruses living?

They are not considered living, they aren’t composed of cell

Lytic cycle

Virus attached to the host cell injects its nucleic acid into the host, replicates, host burst and releases the virus

Lysogenic cycle

Host is infected but does not die immediately instead the DNA is replicated and lays dormant-then the lytic cycle

Can burst years after first infection

Can Viruses be cured?

Viruses can not be cured using antibiotics

Dichotomous keys

It’s a device that aids in identifying a biological specimen, offers two alternatives/list, can be used for identification

Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic, unicellular, live in harsh environments, both auto and heterotrophs, cell walls without peptidoglycan

Eubacteria

Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and heterotrophic, cell wall with peptidoglycan, vaccines and antibodies