State Building, Expansion, and Conflict 1450-1750

* Expansion and overtaking increased during this time period. The creation of gunpowder, cannon, and gunships helped build new fortresses and fortified cities capable of defending against gunpowder artillery
* Statecraft: Old and New Techniques of Technology
* **Nation-states** emerged
* **Political and Administrative centralization** became more sophisticated and led to a higher degree of state consolidation and efficiency. Features of a modern government became more common
* **State-building techniques** included architectural displays, and religious authority
* Many states depended on **bureaucratic elites**
* Some governments started a parliamentary systems
* The nations of Europe started to create **empires**
* Empire-Building- The Age Of Exploration and Colonization
* The nations of Europe started to explore, discover and mapped major oceans and landmasses
* Europe eventually became the planet’s dominant civilization
* Many parts of the world remained under European control
* Motivation and Capabilities
* Europe’s primary motivation for exploration was economic
* Europe wanted direct access to goods such as **silk** and **spices**
* Europe explored further using the **astrolabe, compass,** and the **sternpost rudder**
* Europeans were developing stable **sailing ships**
* Europeans depended on **gunpowder weaponry** for faster and easier colonization
* Europeans invented **galleons** and **gunships** for greater firepower quantity
* The Iberian Wave: Portugal and Spain
* The first European nations to systematically explore the wider Atlantic world were Portugal and Spain, on the Iberian peninsula
* Around 1410 **Prince Henry the Navigator** started Portugal’s exploration efforts
* Portugal reached the southern tip of Africa and named it the **Cape of Good Hope** because it was an important step to India
* The Italian captain **Christopher Columbus** started his voyage in 1492
* The **lines of demarcation** declared which parts of the New World would be given to Portugal, and which to Spain
* Portugal and Spain formed **maritime empires** in the New World
* **maritime empires**: which overseas colonies were fully under their control
* Mainlands fell into the hands of **conquistadors:** generals who bought huge parts of North and South America under Spanish control
* Conquests were completed due to military advantages such as **horses** and **gunpowder weapons**
* Spain’s and Portugal’s successes in the **Columbian Exchange** were **measles** and **smallpox.** The diseases killed indigenous Americans in massive numbers
* **Mining** was important to Spanish and Portuguese explorers
* They collected cash crops from **plantation monoculture,** the most important being **sugarcane**
* New Spain was ruled by a **viceroyalty**: “in place of the king”
* Colonial economic activity was run by the **House Of Trade**
* Spanish and Portugal colonization led to **coerced labor**
* The Spanish wanted to enslave American natives by the **encomienda system** but the system was deemed inhumane by the Catholic clergy
* Instead they used the **mitt’s system,** and relied heavily on African slaves, which led to the rapid rise of the **Atlantic slave trade**
* Thee Northern Wave: The French, Dutch and English
* Other European nations began to explore and colonize, France, the Dutch Republic, and England
* They wanted to use a **Northeast** or **Northwest Passage to ex\[;pre**
* They discovered rich **fishing** and **whaling grounds**
* In 1620, France created the **Company of New France** in North America
* France and England had the **French and Indian Wars** in which England took Canada from France
* This led to the **Seven Years’ War**
* Dutch explorers disrupted Spanish trade and attached their ports
* Dutch created the **Dutch East India Company**
* In 1670, England created the **Hudson’s Bay Company** which intruded into Canada and French colonies
* The English relied on **coerced labor, indentured servitude,** and **The Atlantic Slave Trade** for labor
* In 1600, England created the **British East India Company** to manage economic and military relations with Southeast Asia
* Russia in Siberia and America
* The Russian government set the **Bering Expedition** to explore the waters separating Siberia from North America
* The **fur trade** stimulated the Russian settlement
* Native Siberians were subjected to the coerced-labor system known as **yasak:** paying tribute and hunting fur bearing animals for Russians
* Major States and Empires

Europe had become the world’s most powerful region
* Europe
* Most parts of Europe became **nation-states** and were **politically and administratively centralized**
* Europe followed two forms of monarchy: **absolutism** and **parliamentarism**
* Absolutism followed the **divine right:** monarchs reign by the will of God
* **Serfdom** eventually disappeared from Europe, except for Russia
* **Parliamentarism:** The ruler governed with a lawmaking body appointed by the aristocracy or elected by some or all of the people
* The Middle East
* Ottoman and Safavid states are **gunpowder empires** because of their ,assert of weaponry and effective use of it
* Ruled by the **circle of justice** ideology
* Devised the **devshirme** system: recruiting civil servants and elite troops
* Used a musketeer infantry system known as **janissaries:** ensalving sons of Christian families and placing them in positions of civil servitude
* Used the **millet** system: sorted and administered non-Muslims according to religious categories
* Unbelievers paid **jizya,** or tax
* Africa
* A long term European presence was established
* Effects of the **Atlantic slave trade** were still being endured
* West Africa had the most powerful states
* The **Ashanti kingdom** leaders sold gold and slaves to Europeans in exchange for gunpowder and muskets
* **Omani arabs** stood upto Portuguese rule in East Africa
* East Asia
* **Zheng He** led global exploration
* **Influx of silver** led to inflation and economic breakdown
* Agricultural yields decreased, soil worsened, population grew, and famines occurred regularly
* The new **Qing** dynasty emerged
* China sold high amounts of **tea, silk and porcelain** but allowed few imports due to the policy of **trade protection**
* Rulers came to power from the **mandate of heaven**
* Japan was ruled by **shoguns,** but the emperor took control
* Japan was **reunified** by warlords and harsh social stratification
* Japan continued to follow the **Confucian ideology**
* South Asia
* The **Mughal Empire** was established in India
* It was considered a **gunpowder empire**
* The economy thrived due to a **cotton trade**
* **Akbar The Great** bought the peak of the Mughal Empire
* He attempted to outlaw **sati**
* His grandson **Shah Jahan** built the **Taj Mahal**
* Bombay, now Mumbai was ceded to the **British East India Company**
* The Americas
* Both continents fell under European control
* War and State Rivalries
* Eurasian states experienced **military revolution:** nations fully incorporated gunpowder weaponry into their way of war
* Europe was separated under **Catholic-Protestant religious wars**
* **Ottoman-European conflict**
* **1453 conquest of Constantinople** by Turks

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