Integrated Science Final

Problem Statement or Question

Describes the issue that is in need of study

Quantitative Data or Observations

Numerical counts or measurements

Qualitative Data or Observations

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Controlled Experiment

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

Procedure

A step by step explanation of an experiment

Inference

To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. (Deductive reasoning).

Constants

Something that stays the same in an experiment from one trial to the next

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Dependent Variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Control Group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Pie Graph

Used to show parts of a whole (percentages) or categories of data

Bar Graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Line Graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

Scatter Plot

A graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data that may or may not depend on each other.

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Synthesize

Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.

Inquiry

The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.

Engineering Ethics

How is a product beneficial to society? Is it safe? Are its materials environmentally friendly?

Scientific Theory

a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

Scientific Law

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions

Physical Models

A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models.

Mathematical Models

one or more equations that represent the way a system or process works

Conceptual Models

a verbal or graphical explanation of how a system works or is organized

US Customary Measurement System or Imperial System

System of measurement used in the United States.

The Metric System

The decimal measuring (base 10 system) i.e. the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, volume, and weight/mass

Fahrenheit

A temperature scale with the freezing point of water 32 degrees and the boiling point of 212 degrees

Celsius

The temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees

Rankine

A temperature scale not commonly used. It is based off the absolute zero thermodynamics and its units are equal to those of the Fahrenheit scale.

Kelvin

An absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, which is defined such as 0 K is absolute zero

Mass

A quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle or object

Volume

The amount of space that is a substance or object occupies (Measuring a cube m\=length x width x height. Measuring an irregularly shaped object- used water displacement).

Density

A quantity of mass per volume. The compactness of a substance

Buoyancy

the ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid.

Displacement

Moving apart or resting position. Two forces act on an object when it enters water: a downward force called gravity and an upward force called buoyancy.

Convection

Process by which heat is transferred by movement of a heated fluid such as air or water

Conduction

the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material.

Radiation

The transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic radiation

Mechanical Wave

transfers energy through a medium

Medium

Gasses (such as air), liquids (such as water), and solids (such as the ground).

Density of Medium

The second factor that affects the speed of sound after temperature. Density describes the mass of a substance per volume.

Oscillate

to swing back and forth with a steady rhythm

Wave Period

The tine required for one cycle

Wavelength (Transverse Wave)

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

Wavelength (Longitudinal Wave)

distance between compressions

Longitudinal Wave

A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels

Transverse Wave

A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels

Density of Medium

the second factor that affects the speed of sound. Density describes the mass of a substance per volume

Points of a Transverse wave

Wave Speed

Wave speed is the distance a wave travels in a given amount of time, such as the number of meters it travels per second.

Wave Frequency

The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time

Ocean Waves

Moving ridges of water on the surface of the ocean caused by wind, gravity, and land rise

Seismic Waves

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake

P Wave

Primary Wave which travels faster to a location. Longitudinal back and forth motion

S Wave

Secondary wave that travels after the P-Wave but is more destructive with an up and down motion.

Echolocation

the process of using reflected sound waves to find objects; used by animals such as dolphins, whales or bats

Diffraction

Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

Tension

Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle

Compression

occurs when tectonic plates are pushed toward each other causing them to crash.

Constructive or Destructive interference

The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude or collide make a wave with a smaller amplitude

The Doppler Effect

the change in wave frequency during the relative motion between a wave source and its observer.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, they do so at a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies, do not need to travel through a medium

Radio waves

Have the lowest frequency and highest wavelength. Can travel through space forever if not absorbed.

Microwaves

Slightly shorter wavelengths than radio waves. Used in many technologies for communication.

Infrared waves

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from the long wavelength, or red, end of the visible-light range to the microwave range.

Visible Light

the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view. This range of wavelengths is called visible light. Typically, the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers.

Ultraviolet waves

Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths than visible light.

X-rays

an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass through many materials opaque to light.

Gamma rays

The highest energy of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by an unstable nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay

transmission

the percentage of incident light that passes through a film

Scattering of light

When white light from the sun enters the earth's atmosphere, the light gets scattered i.e., the light spreads in all directions by the dust particles, free water molecules and the molecules of the gasses present in the atmosphere

Absorption of light

Absorption of light takes place when matter captures electromagnetic radiation, converting the energy of photons to internal energy.

Reflection of waves

When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the light ray bounces back

Refraction of light

The bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other waves) as it passes from one transparent substance into another

Convex lens

a piece of transparent material which concentrates or disperses light rays when passed through them by refraction

Concave lens

a lens that diverges a straight light beam from the source to an upright, virtual image

Convex mirror

reflects the light outwards (diverging) and is therefore not used to focus light. Convex mirrors, or curved mirrors, always form a virtual image.

Concave mirror

a converging spherical mirror, which has a reflecting surface, dented inwards. Concave mirrors reflect and focus incoming light rays (parallel) at a point, called the focus point.

Transparent

A material allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen

Translucent

When light may pass through a substance but scatters the light so that persons or objects on the opposite side are not clearly visible

Opaque

not able to be seen through; not transparent.

Fluorescence

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance while it is absorbing light or radiation.

Phosfluorescent

giving off light after radiation has hit it

Bioluminescence

The chemical production and emission of light by a living organism

The Big Bang Theory

how astronomers explain the way the universe began. It is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right now—and it is still stretching.

Light year

the distance light travels in one year light zips through interstellar space at 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second and 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers) per year.

Spiral galaxy

a galaxy in which the stars and gas clouds are concentrated mainly in one or more spiral arms.

Elliptical galaxy

Elliptical galaxies lack the swirling arms of spiral galaxies. They bear the rounded shape of an ellipse, a stretched-out circle.

Irregular galaxy

A galaxy that does not have the clearly defined shape and structure

Lenticular galaxy

A galaxy having a central bulge surrounded by a flattened disk with no pattern of spiral arms

The Milky Way

Our galaxy is 100,000 light years wide and in the shape of a spiral galaxy with arms including the Perseus, Sagittarius, Scutum Crux and Outer Arm.

The Andromeda Galaxy

The closest major galaxy to the Milky Way 140,000 LY from The Milky Way.

The Life Cycle of a Star

Apparent Magnitude

the magnitude of a celestial object as it is actually measured from the earth.

Absolute Magnitude

The magnitude (brightness) of a celestial object as it would be seen at a standard distance of 10 parsecs

Luminosity Units

Our Sun \= 1 unit. A comparison measure of how bright other stars are in comparison to our sun

Color of a star

Blue, white, yellow, orange, and red. The color indicates the star's temperature, Red is the coldest, blue is the hottest

Red Shift

Redshift is a 'shift' of light waves traveling away from Earth. It relies on the very same idea as the sound waves of a motorcycle passing by, but we describe it by how it looks (color) instead of sounds (pitch) because it has to do with light waves.

Hertzsprung Russell Diagram

Shows the relationship between a star's temperature and its luminosity. The y-axis can be in absolute magnitude or solar luminosity units where stars are compared to our sun's brightness

Nuclear Fusion

the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of energy.