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The Big Bang Theory
Steady State Theory
Red Shift
An Expanding Universe
List of THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
Big Crunch Theory
Big Chill Theory
THEORIES ON THE END OF THE UNIVERSE
“Story of Creation”
“Brahmanda”
Ancient Theories of the origin of the universe
The Big Bang Theory
supporters of this theory believes that the universe started at a single compact point where matter and energy is the same as each other.
This dense point of energy and matter then blasted or expanded in a millionth of a second releasing matter and energy that seconds or possibly years later developed into our universe.
Red Shift
One of evidences of the Big Bang Theory is the expansion of the universe observed through the movement of the celestial objects relative to a reference point known as the Doppler Effect.
As the stars move, astronomers observe a light with increasing wavelengths towards the red end of the visible spectrum. This is known as the Red shift indicating that the stars are moving away from the point of observation.
Hubble’s Law
A part of the red shift theory that states “The bigger the red shift the farther or more distant the object”
An Expanding Universe
Astronomers attributed the expansion to the the big bang. A good analogy of this is a raisin cake where in as the cake cooks and expands the raisins become farther apart.
Steady State Theory
This theory states that stars and galaxies may change but the universe will always look the same. This is possible with the formation of new matter in between the open spaces between the stars.
• A flaw in this theory is that if matter is continuously created then stars in a specific area should be of the same age which is not the case
Big Crunch Theory
Big Chill Theory
Theories of the end of the universe
Big Crunch Theory
Theory of the end of the universe that states that There will be a certain point after the big bang where matter and energy will become one which will cause the destruction of every planet, galaxy and other heavenly bodies
Big Chill Theory
Theory of the end of the universe that states that With not enough mass the universe will keep on expanding which will cause a drop in temperature creating an atmosphere of cold and chill
Core Accretion Model
Pebble Accretion
Disk Instability Model
LIST OF FORMATION MODELS
Core Accretion Model
FORMATION MODEL
The most accepted model but has problem explaining the formation of gaseous planets
The Solar System started as a cloud of dust and gas known as a solar nebula. Gravity caused the materials inside the nebula to spin forming the Sun at the center, meanwhile the smaller particles clustered together and formed the planets.
Solar winds removed the lighter materials such as helium and hydrogen causing the planets closer to the sun to be rocky while those father from the sun where the solar winds has lesser impact became the gas giants
Disk Instability Model
FORMATION MODEL
The problem with the core accretion model is that the formation of the gas giant will take longer than the time that the lighter gas will be obtainable as
This problem is answered by the disk instability model where in it is stated that giant planets formed early in the formation of the solar system, a process that sometimes took as little as 1000 years.
Due to the faster formation of the planets, they were able to trap lighter gases before they vanish, they will then reach an orbit stabilizing mass preventing them to deathmarch into the sun.
Pebble Accretion
FORMATION MODEL
Another point of contention in the core accretion model is the time it took to form the planets; thus, the pebble accretion model was formulated.
This model explains how tiny pebbles formed the planets we knew today. It stated that larger objects acts like a bully and pebbles from medium sized objects thus they grow at a faster rate.
Geosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Cryosphere
Biosphere
list of EARTH'S SUBSYSTEMs
Geosphere
EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM
Refers to the Earth’s rocks, minerals, & geologic landforms
Also known as the Lithosphere, it is consisting of the Earth’s inner structure which include the crust and upper mantle
The geological processes that occur above and below the ground shapes and changes the geosphere
Atmosphere
EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM
Refers to Earth’s mixture of gases that surrounds the planet
It makes up 0.07% of Earth’s mass and consists of 20.95% Oxygen, 78.08% Nitrogen, and about 1% of other gases
Hydrosphere
EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM
Consists of oceans, lakes, rivers, and all bodies of water as well as the water vapor that condenses to form clouds.
The atmosphere directly affects the hydrosphere, an example of which is how the ocean’s temperature changes as the air temperature change which can lead to the formation of storms
cryosphere
EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM
Considered as a subcomponent of the hydrosphere
Consists of water in solid form such as glaciers, snow, ice in the ocean, permafrost, and frozen ground.
The cryosphere is directly affected by the Earth’s temperature, warmer temperature may cause the ice to melt thus increasing sea levels. Less ice will also lead to warmer temperature since naturally occurring ice reflects sunlight
Biosphere
EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM
This subsystem is a global ecosystem composed of biotic and abiotic components.
In its early days, the Earth is a desolate place composed of the geosphere, hydrosphere and the atmosphere. As the Sun bombarded the planet with energy tim3 went by life begun to form on Earth through physical and chemical actions.
Thus, the thin layer of the geosphere where life thrived was called as the biosphere of the “zone of life”
Minerals
any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation.
They are naturally occurring material
They are inorganic substances
They have an organized internal structure
They have a fixed or uniformly changeable chemical composition
ROCKS
a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, some also contain the remains of living things.
The processes by which new rocks form from older rock material is called the rock cycle
Color Streak
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
Although color is generally the most conspicuous characteristic of any mineral , the use of color as a means of identification is often ambiguous or even misleading
The color of a mineral in powdered form, called streak, is often useful in identification
Not all minerals produce a streak when rubbed across a streak plate, one reason is that the mineral is harder than the plate so no streak will be made.
Luster
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.
Hardness
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.
determined by rubbing a mineral of unknown hardness against one of known hardness or vice versa.
Cleavage
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding
Crystal Formation
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
property of mineral to manifest as a solid homogenous, organized arrangement of atoms
Reaction with Acid
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
Some mineral, especially carbonate minerals, react with acids. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to determine whether a mineral has a reaction to acid. Carbon dioxide is released (as it sparkles or bubbles) by calcites after a drop of concentrated HCl.
Magnetism
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
- A mineral is tested for by putting the magnet and mineral together. Magnetite is the only common mineral that has a very strong magnetism property.
Taste, Odor, and Touch
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
Some minerals has a distinctive taste, odor or touch. Examples of this are Halites, which taste like salt; Sulfide, that has an odor reminiscent of foul eggs and Talc that is slippery to the touch.
Specific Gravity
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
- Scientists uses specific gravity to describe the density of materials, Specific gravity is a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water
Most common minerals have a specific gravity between 2 and 3 but some metallic mineral are twice as dense thus have twice the specific gravity
Striations
PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
A property of minerals that are evidenced by the presence of very thin, parallel grooves. Plagioclase feldspar can be positively determined and distinguished from potassium feldspar by called striations
MAIN PROPERTIES
Color Streak
Luster
Hardness
Cleavage
Crystal Formation
ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES
Reaction with Acid
Magnetism
Taste, Odor, and Touch
Specific Gravity
Striations
LIST OF PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
Draw the rock cycle
Geological Classification
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Physical Classification
Stratified rocks
Unstratified rocks
Foliated rocks
Chemical Classification
Argillaceous rocks
Calcareous rocks
Siliceous rocks
LIST OF CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Geological Classification
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS that is based on how they are formed
Physical Classification
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS that is based on their physical appearance
Chemical Classification
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS that is based on their chemical composition
Igneous Rock
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
The structure of igneous rocks varies according to the depth at which magma solidified. If the magma hardens at a significant depth from Earth surface, then the rocks possess coarsely grained crystalline structure and these rocks are known as plutonic rocks. (Ex. Granite, Dolomite, Basalt)
Sedimentary Rock
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
formed by the deposition of sediments obtained by the weathering of pre-existing rocks anD these sediments are transported by various agents such as water, wind, frost, gravity, etc. (Ex.Sandstone, Limestone, Lignite)
Metamorphic
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Rocks that are formed through the process of metamorphism or the changing of characteristics of a rock due to high heat and pressure. (Ex. Slate, Gneiss, Schist, Marble, Soapstone)
Stratified Rock
PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
- Rocks that has different layers in its structure which are separated by planes of stratification (ex. Sandstone limestone, shale)
Unstratified Rock
PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Crystalline or compact granular in structure, these rocks have similar throughout their whole body (ex. Granite, marble, and trap)
Foliated Rock
PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
These rocks possess a layered or banded structure which is obtained by exposure of pressure and heat. (ex. gneiss, schist, slate)
Metalic
Substance with a luster description of Bright and shiny like metal
Submetalic
Substance with a luster description of Dull but reflective
Nonmetallic
Substance with a luster description that could be Glassy, brilliant, Greasy, oily, creammy
Argillaceous rock
Chemical Classification Of Rocks
Rocks in which clay content is predominant they are soft in nature and with the presence of water they can be crumbled easily. (ex. Shale, slate, and laterite )
Calcareous rocks
Chemical Classification Of Rocks
The predominant component of these rocks is calcium carbonate; they are generally hard but their durability is dependent on surrounding constituents which may react with calcium and affect the durability of rock. (ex. Marble, limestone, dolomite)
Siliceous rocks
Chemical Classification Of Rocks
Presence of a large amount of free silica makes them harder and durable and provides strong resistance to weathering. (ex. Granite, chert, and quartzite)
Agriculture
Food
Packaging
Utensils
Energy
Transport
Technology and Communications
List o0f THE ESSENCE OF MINERALS
Ore Deposit
naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically
The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942)
A law stating that “All mineral resources in public and private lands within the territory and exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the Philippines are owned by the State. It shall be the responsibility of the State to promote their rational exploration, development, utilization and conservation through the combined efforts of government and the private sector in order to enhance national growth in a way that effectively safeguards the environment and protect the rights of affected communities. “
Water Resources
71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water with the Oceans holding 96.5 % of its water
Water is also present in the atmosphere in the form of water vapor, in the ground as soil moisture.
It is also present inside of living organisms such as humans.
Earth's Water Distribution
Majority (97%) of Earth water is found in the ocean, meaning only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater and most of it is in the form of naturally occurring ice.
A reservoir is location where in water is naturally stored.
A water molecule may pass through a reservoir very quickly or may remain for much longer. The amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir is known as its residence time.
Earth's Freshwater
Only about 3% of Earth's Water is freshwater and only a third (or 1% of the world’s water) of it is accessible to humans.
The accessible parts of Earth's Water provide for the needs of its inhabitants. They mostly use it for sustenance and to cool or clean themselves
The amount of water being consumed by the plants and animals is replenished through the water cycle
Precipitation
Any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls quickly from a cloud
Precipitation is the ultimate source of freshwater in our planet
It should be noted that precipitation is not evenly distributed among the planet. Areas that receive little to no rain is often referred to as deserts.
Rain
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
water droplets falling from the clouds; if the droplets are smaller than 0.5 mm then it’s called a drizzle
Sleet
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
If the air is cold enough, the rain freezes in the air and becomes falling ice
Snow
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
forms when temperatures are so low that water vapor turns directly into a solid
Hail
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
Balls or lumps of ice that fall from clouds; Graupels are soft hail or snow pellets
Rain
Sleet
Snow
Hail
List of Precipitation
WATER AS A RESOURCE
NOT A QUESTION GENERAL INFO ABOUT THE SUBJECT
WATER AS A RESOURCE
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to human.
Despite the planet being covered mostly by water only about 1% of it is usable to humans.
Due to this, as human water consumption increases, the water supply will soon not be able to catch up and areas experiencing water shortages or imbalance will increase.
Climate change and pollution also affects the Earth's water resources negatively, affecting humans as well.
Agriculture
Industries
Domestic Use
Recreation
Environment
LIST OF WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS
Agriculture
WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS
70% of the world's water is used for irrigation in agriculture with 15–35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable.
2,000–3,000 liters of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need
Industries
WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS
22% of worldwide water is used by Major industrial users such as hydroelectric dams, ore and oil refineries, and manufacturing plants.
Certain industries may have a high-water withdrawal but consumption in industries is generally lower than in agriculture.
Domestic Use
WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS
8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing, cleaning, laundry and gardening.
In most developing countries, the water available for domestic use are mostly of drinking water standard or potable water but only a small proportion is used for drinking and food preparation
Recreation
WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS
Recreational water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use
Examples of water recreational uses is in fishing, boating, water sports, swimming and nature trips.
Environment
WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS
environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.
Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes but more often is water retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.
Water Resource Management
NOT A QUESTION GENERAL, INFO ABOUT THE SUBJECT
Water Resource Management
The different sources of water are rain, desalinization, surface sources, and ground sources. The uses of water are industrial, agricultural, recreational, environmental, and household in nature.
There is nearly the same amount of water on Earth as there was around a million years ago.
Water footprint describes the number of liters or gallons of water required per person per day and is expected to increase in the coming decade.
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Geothermal Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
Wind and Solar Energy
Biomass
LIST OF Sources of Energy
Non-renewable Energy Resources
Type of energy resource that
Comes from sources that can run out or those that will take more than a lifetime to be replenished
The most used non-renewable energy source are Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas
Nuclear energy is another example of non-renewable energy source. Although nuclear energy is renewable, the materials used in nuclear power plants are not
Fossil Fuels
Sources of Energy
Provides energy to majority of the Planet
Could be cheap or expensive depending on location; countries with huge fossil fuel deposits tend to have cheaper prices
Coal and oil are the primary fossil fuels that humans utilized but natural gas is becoming more common.
Fossil fuels provide us with electricity, heat, and the means to produce materials needed in our everyday life
Coal
Natural Gas
Oil
Types of fossil fuels
2015 Paris Agreement
An agreement that is
A commitment by numerous countries to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources, increase energy efficiency, and electrifying sectors such as transportation and buildings
“Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degree Celsius, compared to preindustrial levels.” - UNFCCC
Nuclear Energy
Source of energy
Nuclear power plants produce electricity from atoms through nuclear fission, where in the nucleus of an atom (usually uranium) is broken down, this will initiate a series of chain reactions that will produce the energy needed to produce electricity.
Nuclear energy has a lot of promise but has continued to be controversial due to its dangerous nature
Some experts suggest that nuclear energy could be an answer our planets over reliance to fossil fuels though some argue that it's risks out ways the benefits.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Source of energy
referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished
utilized as an "innovation" in order to consume cleaner energy
alternative energy source for those without access to nonrenewable energy
Geothermal Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Biomass
LIST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Geothermal Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE
energy that is produced from beneath the earth
the hot rocks from underneath the earth produces steam which is then gathered in order to move the turbines that will then generate power that can be utilized
Biggest disadvantage of geothermal energy is that it is only available in certain areas
One of the top countries that utilize geothermal energy is the Philippines with the US topping the list through the largest geothermal powerplant “The Geysers” located in California.
Hydroelectric Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE
The power of water is utilized in order to produced energy and is more common than what most people think
Major dams are used in order to produce hydroelectric energy to power electrical stations. One of the challenges in utilizing hydroelectric energy is the cost in maintaining dams. Dams required constant maintenance in order to be operational
Water consumption of residents is also a factor to consider in hydroelectric were plants since dams also serves as water reservoirs
Wind Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE
By using large turbines to take available wind as the power to turn, the turbine can then turn a generator to produce electricity.
Though it was an attractive option at first, unforeseen ecological impacts are starting to surface that makes wind energy not an ideal source of power.
Solar Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE
Only certain geographical ranges of the world get enough of the direct power of the sun for long enough to generate usable power from this source
Solar power harvests the energy of the sun through using collector panels to create conditions that can then be turned into a kind of power.
Biomass Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE
Energy produced from organic materials
Biomass generally include crops, plants, trees, yard clippings, wood chips and animal waste
Used in cooking and heating in home and as fuel in industrial production
Produces high amount of carbon dioxide to the environment
Adverse Effects of Farming
Productive Effects of Farming
Growing plants
Construction of Structure
LIST OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE SOIL
Forest Protection
Buffer Strips
No-till Farming
Fewer Concrete Surface
Plant Windbreak Areas
Terrace Planting
Plant Trees
Crop Rotation
Water the Soil
Maintain pH
Add Earthworms
Indigenous Crops
LIST OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
Forest Protection
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL
For many indigenous peoples, forests contribute to sustain a diversity of species, regulate the climate, give economic opportunities and are a source of culture.
Buffer Strips
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
Buffer strips are natural vegetation found along the edges of fields, transportation infrastructure, arable land, and waterways. They provide ideal conditions for successful water infiltration and surface flow slowdown.
No-till Farming
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
The practice of growing crops without disturbing the soil is known as no-till farming. Planters or drills that carve a V-slot or seed furrow plant the seeds through the remains of previous crops.
Fewer Concrete Surfaces
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL
To sustain soil quality, the soil needs nutrients from the outside environment. If the soil is coated with concrete, it will be unable to absorb water adequately.
Plant Windbreak Areas
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
- Windbreaks are a group of trees or shrubs planted in a row to slow the wind and prevent soil erosion
Terrace Planting
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
Planting trees on the sides of hills of mountains on graduated terraces erected on the slopes is known as terrace planting or agriculture. This increases the amount of arable land available and reduces soil erosion and water loss.
Plant Trees
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
The tree's roots become increasingly more anchored in the soil as it grows. Because of the tree's presence, the soil is protected in a variety of ways. Erosion is avoided as a result of the planting method
Crop Rotation
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
is the process of growing various crops in a specific order. This inhibits pathogen overgrowth and nutrient deficiency in the soil.
Water the Soil
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
- Watering the soil is a simple activity that has numerous advantages for the soil. This not only nourishes but also protects the soil. Due to wind activity, moist soil is not at risk of erosion.
Maintain pH
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
- Soil pH is referred to as the "master soil variable" because it affects a wide range of chemical, biological, and physical aspects of the soil. The ideal soil pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.0.
Add Earthworms
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
Earthworms help soil organisms reproduce by increasing and mixing organic materials in the soil.
Indigenous Crop
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.
Indigenous crops are plants that are native to the area and help to improve the soil. Planting them will help to ensure that conservation efforts are successful. Even when planting a variety of crops, indigenous crops should be included.
Resource Planning
Impervious Surfaces Reduction
Rain Garden
Using Rain Barrel
LIST OF HOME METHODS OF SOIL CONSERVATION
Resource Planning
HOME METHODS OF SOIL CONSERVATION
In the field of soil conservation, planning is a crucial stage. There are numerous ways to take use of or contribute to natural land characteristics in order to promote soil conservation in the surrounding area.