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• The Big Bang Theory

• Steady State Theory

• Red Shift

• An Expanding Universe

List of THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

• Big Crunch Theory

• Big Chill Theory

THEORIES ON THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

• “Story of Creation”

• “Brahmanda”

Ancient Theories of the origin of the universe

The Big Bang Theory

• supporters of this theory believes that the universe started at a single compact point where matter and energy is the same as each other.

• This dense point of energy and matter then blasted or expanded in a millionth of a second releasing matter and energy that seconds or possibly years later developed into our universe.

Red Shift

• One of evidences of the Big Bang Theory is the expansion of the universe observed through the movement of the celestial objects relative to a reference point known as the Doppler Effect.

• As the stars move, astronomers observe a light with increasing wavelengths towards the red end of the visible spectrum. This is known as the Red shift indicating that the stars are moving away from the point of observation.

Hubble’s Law

A part of the red shift theory that states “The bigger the red shift the farther or more distant the object”

An Expanding Universe

Astronomers attributed the expansion to the the big bang. A good analogy of this is a raisin cake where in as the cake cooks and expands the raisins become farther apart.

Steady State Theory

• This theory states that stars and galaxies may change but the universe will always look the same. This is possible with the formation of new matter in between the open spaces between the stars.

• • A flaw in this theory is that if matter is continuously created then stars in a specific area should be of the same age which is not the case

• Big Crunch Theory

• Big Chill Theory

Theories of the end of the universe

Big Crunch Theory

Theory of the end of the universe that states that There will be a certain point after the big bang where matter and energy will become one which will cause the destruction of every planet, galaxy and other heavenly bodies

Big Chill Theory

Theory of the end of the universe that states that With not enough mass the universe will keep on expanding which will cause a drop in temperature creating an atmosphere of cold and chill

• Core Accretion Model

• Pebble Accretion

• Disk Instability Model

LIST OF FORMATION MODELS

Core Accretion Model

FORMATION MODEL

• The most accepted model but has problem explaining the formation of gaseous planets

• The Solar System started as a cloud of dust and gas known as a solar nebula. Gravity caused the materials inside the nebula to spin forming the Sun at the center, meanwhile the smaller particles clustered together and formed the planets.

• Solar winds removed the lighter materials such as helium and hydrogen causing the planets closer to the sun to be rocky while those father from the sun where the solar winds has lesser impact became the gas giants

Disk Instability Model

FORMATION MODEL

• The problem with the core accretion model is that the formation of the gas giant will take longer than the time that the lighter gas will be obtainable as

• This problem is answered by the disk instability model where in it is stated that giant planets formed early in the formation of the solar system, a process that sometimes took as little as 1000 years.

• Due to the faster formation of the planets, they were able to trap lighter gases before they vanish, they will then reach an orbit stabilizing mass preventing them to deathmarch into the sun.

Pebble Accretion

FORMATION MODEL

• Another point of contention in the core accretion model is the time it took to form the planets; thus, the pebble accretion model was formulated.

• This model explains how tiny pebbles formed the planets we knew today. It stated that larger objects acts like a bully and pebbles from medium sized objects thus they grow at a faster rate.

• Geosphere

• Atmosphere

• Hydrosphere

• Cryosphere

• Biosphere

list of EARTH'S SUBSYSTEMs

Geosphere

EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM

• Refers to the Earth’s rocks, minerals, & geologic landforms

• Also known as the Lithosphere, it is consisting of the Earth’s inner structure which include the crust and upper mantle

• The geological processes that occur above and below the ground shapes and changes the geosphere

Atmosphere

EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM

• Refers to Earth’s mixture of gases that surrounds the planet

• It makes up 0.07% of Earth’s mass and consists of 20.95% Oxygen, 78.08% Nitrogen, and about 1% of other gases

Hydrosphere

EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM

• Consists of oceans, lakes, rivers, and all bodies of water as well as the water vapor that condenses to form clouds.

• The atmosphere directly affects the hydrosphere, an example of which is how the ocean’s temperature changes as the air temperature change which can lead to the formation of storms

cryosphere

EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM

• Considered as a subcomponent of the hydrosphere

• Consists of water in solid form such as glaciers, snow, ice in the ocean, permafrost, and frozen ground.

• The cryosphere is directly affected by the Earth’s temperature, warmer temperature may cause the ice to melt thus increasing sea levels. Less ice will also lead to warmer temperature since naturally occurring ice reflects sunlight

Biosphere

EARTH'S SUBSYSTEM

• This subsystem is a global ecosystem composed of biotic and abiotic components.

• In its early days, the Earth is a desolate place composed of the geosphere, hydrosphere and the atmosphere. As the Sun bombarded the planet with energy tim3 went by life begun to form on Earth through physical and chemical actions.

• Thus, the thin layer of the geosphere where life thrived was called as the biosphere of the “zone of life”

Minerals

any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation.

• They are naturally occurring material

• They are inorganic substances

• They have an organized internal structure

• They have a fixed or uniformly changeable chemical composition

ROCKS

• a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, some also contain the remains of living things.

• The processes by which new rocks form from older rock material is called the rock cycle

Color Streak

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• Although color is generally the most conspicuous characteristic of any mineral , the use of color as a means of identification is often ambiguous or even misleading

• The color of a mineral in powdered form, called streak, is often useful in identification

• Not all minerals produce a streak when rubbed across a streak plate, one reason is that the mineral is harder than the plate so no streak will be made.

Luster

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral.

Hardness

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.

• determined by rubbing a mineral of unknown hardness against one of known hardness or vice versa.

Cleavage

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding

Crystal Formation

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• property of mineral to manifest as a solid homogenous, organized arrangement of atoms

Reaction with Acid

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• Some mineral, especially carbonate minerals, react with acids. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to determine whether a mineral has a reaction to acid. Carbon dioxide is released (as it sparkles or bubbles) by calcites after a drop of concentrated HCl.

Magnetism

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• - A mineral is tested for by putting the magnet and mineral together. Magnetite is the only common mineral that has a very strong magnetism property.

Taste, Odor, and Touch

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• Some minerals has a distinctive taste, odor or touch. Examples of this are Halites, which taste like salt; Sulfide, that has an odor reminiscent of foul eggs and Talc that is slippery to the touch.

Specific Gravity

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• - Scientists uses specific gravity to describe the density of materials, Specific gravity is a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water

• Most common minerals have a specific gravity between 2 and 3 but some metallic mineral are twice as dense thus have twice the specific gravity

Striations

PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

• A property of minerals that are evidenced by the presence of very thin, parallel grooves. Plagioclase feldspar can be positively determined and distinguished from potassium feldspar by called striations

MAIN PROPERTIES

• Color Streak

• Luster

• Hardness

• Cleavage

• Crystal Formation

ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES

• Reaction with Acid

• Magnetism

• Taste, Odor, and Touch

• Specific Gravity

• Striations

LIST OF PROPERTIES OF MINERAL

Draw the rock cycle

• Geological Classification

1. Igneous

2. Sedimentary

3. Metamorphic

• Physical Classification

1. Stratified rocks

2. Unstratified rocks

3. Foliated rocks

• Chemical Classification

1. Argillaceous rocks

2. Calcareous rocks

3. Siliceous rocks

LIST OF CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

Geological Classification

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS that is based on how they are formed

Physical Classification

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS that is based on their physical appearance

Chemical Classification

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS that is based on their chemical composition

Igneous Rock

GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• The structure of igneous rocks varies according to the depth at which magma solidified. If the magma hardens at a significant depth from Earth surface, then the rocks possess coarsely grained crystalline structure and these rocks are known as plutonic rocks. (Ex. Granite, Dolomite, Basalt)

Sedimentary Rock

GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• formed by the deposition of sediments obtained by the weathering of pre-existing rocks anD these sediments are transported by various agents such as water, wind, frost, gravity, etc. (Ex.Sandstone, Limestone, Lignite)

Metamorphic

GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• Rocks that are formed through the process of metamorphism or the changing of characteristics of a rock due to high heat and pressure. (Ex. Slate, Gneiss, Schist, Marble, Soapstone)

Stratified Rock

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• - Rocks that has different layers in its structure which are separated by planes of stratification (ex. Sandstone limestone, shale)

Unstratified Rock

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• Crystalline or compact granular in structure, these rocks have similar throughout their whole body (ex. Granite, marble, and trap)

Foliated Rock

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• These rocks possess a layered or banded structure which is obtained by exposure of pressure and heat. (ex. gneiss, schist, slate)

Metalic

Substance with a luster description of Bright and shiny like metal

Submetalic

Substance with a luster description of Dull but reflective

Nonmetallic

Substance with a luster description that could be Glassy, brilliant, Greasy, oily, creammy

Argillaceous rock

Chemical Classification Of Rocks

• Rocks in which clay content is predominant they are soft in nature and with the presence of water they can be crumbled easily. (ex. Shale, slate, and laterite )

Calcareous rocks

Chemical Classification Of Rocks

• The predominant component of these rocks is calcium carbonate; they are generally hard but their durability is dependent on surrounding constituents which may react with calcium and affect the durability of rock. (ex. Marble, limestone, dolomite)

Siliceous rocks

Chemical Classification Of Rocks

• Presence of a large amount of free silica makes them harder and durable and provides strong resistance to weathering. (ex. Granite, chert, and quartzite)

• Agriculture

• Food

• Packaging

• Utensils

• Energy

• Transport

• Technology and Communications

List o0f THE ESSENCE OF MINERALS

Ore Deposit

naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically

The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942)

A law stating that “All mineral resources in public and private lands within the territory and exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the Philippines are owned by the State. It shall be the responsibility of the State to promote their rational exploration, development, utilization and conservation through the combined efforts of government and the private sector in order to enhance national growth in a way that effectively safeguards the environment and protect the rights of affected communities. “

Water Resources

• 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water with the Oceans holding 96.5 % of its water

• Water is also present in the atmosphere in the form of water vapor, in the ground as soil moisture.

• It is also present inside of living organisms such as humans.

Earth's Water Distribution

• Majority (97%) of Earth water is found in the ocean, meaning only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater and most of it is in the form of naturally occurring ice.

• A reservoir is location where in water is naturally stored.

• A water molecule may pass through a reservoir very quickly or may remain for much longer. The amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir is known as its residence time.

Earth's Freshwater

• Only about 3% of Earth's Water is freshwater and only a third (or 1% of the world’s water) of it is accessible to humans.

• The accessible parts of Earth's Water provide for the needs of its inhabitants. They mostly use it for sustenance and to cool or clean themselves

• The amount of water being consumed by the plants and animals is replenished through the water cycle

Precipitation

• Any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls quickly from a cloud

• Precipitation is the ultimate source of freshwater in our planet

• It should be noted that precipitation is not evenly distributed among the planet. Areas that receive little to no rain is often referred to as deserts.

Rain

TYPE OF PRECIPITATION

• water droplets falling from the clouds; if the droplets are smaller than 0.5 mm then it’s called a drizzle

Sleet

TYPE OF PRECIPITATION

• If the air is cold enough, the rain freezes in the air and becomes falling ice

Snow

TYPE OF PRECIPITATION

• forms when temperatures are so low that water vapor turns directly into a solid

Hail

TYPE OF PRECIPITATION

• Balls or lumps of ice that fall from clouds; Graupels are soft hail or snow pellets

• Rain

• Sleet

• Snow

• Hail

List of Precipitation

WATER AS A RESOURCE

NOT A QUESTION GENERAL INFO ABOUT THE SUBJECT

WATER AS A RESOURCE

• Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to human.

• Despite the planet being covered mostly by water only about 1% of it is usable to humans.

• Due to this, as human water consumption increases, the water supply will soon not be able to catch up and areas experiencing water shortages or imbalance will increase.

• Climate change and pollution also affects the Earth's water resources negatively, affecting humans as well.

• Agriculture

• Industries

• Domestic Use

• Recreation

• Environment

LIST OF WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS

Agriculture

WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS

• 70% of the world's water is used for irrigation in agriculture with 15–35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable.

• 2,000–3,000 liters of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need

Industries

WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS

• 22% of worldwide water is used by Major industrial users such as hydroelectric dams, ore and oil refineries, and manufacturing plants.

• Certain industries may have a high-water withdrawal but consumption in industries is generally lower than in agriculture.

Domestic Use

WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS

• 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing, cleaning, laundry and gardening.

• In most developing countries, the water available for domestic use are mostly of drinking water standard or potable water but only a small proportion is used for drinking and food preparation

Recreation

WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS

• Recreational water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use

• Examples of water recreational uses is in fishing, boating, water sports, swimming and nature trips.

Environment

WATER USES AND ITS EFFECTS

• environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.

• Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes but more often is water retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.

Water Resource Management

NOT A QUESTION GENERAL, INFO ABOUT THE SUBJECT

Water Resource Management

• The different sources of water are rain, desalinization, surface sources, and ground sources. The uses of water are industrial, agricultural, recreational, environmental, and household in nature.

• There is nearly the same amount of water on Earth as there was around a million years ago.

• Water footprint describes the number of liters or gallons of water required per person per day and is expected to increase in the coming decade.

• Fossil Fuels

• Nuclear Energy

• Geothermal Energy

• Hydroelectric Energy

• Wind and Solar Energy

• Biomass

LIST OF Sources of Energy

Non-renewable Energy Resources

Type of energy resource that

• Comes from sources that can run out or those that will take more than a lifetime to be replenished

• The most used non-renewable energy source are Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas

• Nuclear energy is another example of non-renewable energy source. Although nuclear energy is renewable, the materials used in nuclear power plants are not

Fossil Fuels

Sources of Energy

• Provides energy to majority of the Planet

• Could be cheap or expensive depending on location; countries with huge fossil fuel deposits tend to have cheaper prices

• Coal and oil are the primary fossil fuels that humans utilized but natural gas is becoming more common.

• Fossil fuels provide us with electricity, heat, and the means to produce materials needed in our everyday life

• Coal

• Natural Gas

• Oil

Types of fossil fuels

2015 Paris Agreement

An agreement that is

• A commitment by numerous countries to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources, increase energy efficiency, and electrifying sectors such as transportation and buildings

• “Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degree Celsius, compared to preindustrial levels.” - UNFCCC

Nuclear Energy

Source of energy

• Nuclear power plants produce electricity from atoms through nuclear fission, where in the nucleus of an atom (usually uranium) is broken down, this will initiate a series of chain reactions that will produce the energy needed to produce electricity.

• Nuclear energy has a lot of promise but has continued to be controversial due to its dangerous nature

• Some experts suggest that nuclear energy could be an answer our planets over reliance to fossil fuels though some argue that it's risks out ways the benefits.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Source of energy

• referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished

• utilized as an "innovation" in order to consume cleaner energy

• alternative energy source for those without access to nonrenewable energy

• Geothermal Energy

• Hydroelectric Energy

• Wind Energy

• Solar Energy

• Biomass

LIST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Geothermal Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE

• energy that is produced from beneath the earth

• the hot rocks from underneath the earth produces steam which is then gathered in order to move the turbines that will then generate power that can be utilized

• Biggest disadvantage of geothermal energy is that it is only available in certain areas

• One of the top countries that utilize geothermal energy is the Philippines with the US topping the list through the largest geothermal powerplant “The Geysers” located in California.

Hydroelectric Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE

• The power of water is utilized in order to produced energy and is more common than what most people think

• Major dams are used in order to produce hydroelectric energy to power electrical stations. One of the challenges in utilizing hydroelectric energy is the cost in maintaining dams. Dams required constant maintenance in order to be operational

• Water consumption of residents is also a factor to consider in hydroelectric were plants since dams also serves as water reservoirs

Wind Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE

• By using large turbines to take available wind as the power to turn, the turbine can then turn a generator to produce electricity.

• Though it was an attractive option at first, unforeseen ecological impacts are starting to surface that makes wind energy not an ideal source of power.

Solar Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE

• Only certain geographical ranges of the world get enough of the direct power of the sun for long enough to generate usable power from this source

• Solar power harvests the energy of the sun through using collector panels to create conditions that can then be turned into a kind of power.

Biomass Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE

• Energy produced from organic materials

• Biomass generally include crops, plants, trees, yard clippings, wood chips and animal waste

• Used in cooking and heating in home and as fuel in industrial production

• Produces high amount of carbon dioxide to the environment

• Adverse Effects of Farming

• Productive Effects of Farming

• Growing plants

• Construction of Structure

LIST OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT THE SOIL

• Forest Protection

• Buffer Strips

• No-till Farming

• Fewer Concrete Surface

• Plant Windbreak Areas

• Terrace Planting

• Plant Trees

• Crop Rotation

• Water the Soil

• Maintain pH

• Add Earthworms

• Indigenous Crops

LIST OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

Forest Protection

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL

• For many indigenous peoples, forests contribute to sustain a diversity of species, regulate the climate, give economic opportunities and are a source of culture.

Buffer Strips

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• Buffer strips are natural vegetation found along the edges of fields, transportation infrastructure, arable land, and waterways. They provide ideal conditions for successful water infiltration and surface flow slowdown.

No-till Farming

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• The practice of growing crops without disturbing the soil is known as no-till farming. Planters or drills that carve a V-slot or seed furrow plant the seeds through the remains of previous crops.

Fewer Concrete Surfaces

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL

• To sustain soil quality, the soil needs nutrients from the outside environment. If the soil is coated with concrete, it will be unable to absorb water adequately.

Plant Windbreak Areas

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• - Windbreaks are a group of trees or shrubs planted in a row to slow the wind and prevent soil erosion

Terrace Planting

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• Planting trees on the sides of hills of mountains on graduated terraces erected on the slopes is known as terrace planting or agriculture. This increases the amount of arable land available and reduces soil erosion and water loss.

Plant Trees

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• The tree's roots become increasingly more anchored in the soil as it grows. Because of the tree's presence, the soil is protected in a variety of ways. Erosion is avoided as a result of the planting method

Crop Rotation

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• is the process of growing various crops in a specific order. This inhibits pathogen overgrowth and nutrient deficiency in the soil.

Water the Soil

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• - Watering the soil is a simple activity that has numerous advantages for the soil. This not only nourishes but also protects the soil. Due to wind activity, moist soil is not at risk of erosion.

Maintain pH

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• - Soil pH is referred to as the "master soil variable" because it affects a wide range of chemical, biological, and physical aspects of the soil. The ideal soil pH ranges from 5.5 to 7.0.

Add Earthworms

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• Earthworms help soil organisms reproduce by increasing and mixing organic materials in the soil.

Indigenous Crop

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT HELP SUSTAIN THE SOIL.

• Indigenous crops are plants that are native to the area and help to improve the soil. Planting them will help to ensure that conservation efforts are successful. Even when planting a variety of crops, indigenous crops should be included.

• Resource Planning

• Impervious Surfaces Reduction

• Rain Garden

• Using Rain Barrel

LIST OF HOME METHODS OF SOIL CONSERVATION

Resource Planning

HOME METHODS OF SOIL CONSERVATION

• In the field of soil conservation, planning is a crucial stage. There are numerous ways to take use of or contribute to natural land characteristics in order to promote soil conservation in the surrounding area.