THE UPPER LIMB: BONES AND JOINTS

Bones of the Upper Limb or Member

Shoulder Girdle

Arm or Brachium

Forearm or Antebrachium

Hand

Shoulder Girdle

Scapula

Clavicle

Scapula

– Shoulder blade

Clavicle

– Collar bone

Humerus

– Arm bone

Forearm or Antebrachium

The ff. are part of

Radius

Ulna

Radius

Lateral bone of the forearm

Ulna

– Medial bone of the forearm

Hand

The ff. are part of which bone:

Wrist or carpus

Palm or metacarpus

Digits

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetral

Pisiform

Proximal row from the thumb side

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

Distal row from thumb side

Palm or metacarpus

1st to 5th metacarpals are located in the

Thumb or pollex

first digit

Index finger

second digit

Middle finger

third digit

Ring finger

fourth digit

Little finger

fifth digit

2, distal and proximal

How many phalnge/s are in the thumb

3, proximal middle, and distal

How many phalnages are in each finger?

Sternoclavicular

– sternum and clavicle

Acromioclavicular

– scapula and clavicle

Shoulder joint

– scapula and humerus

Elbow Joint

– humerus, radius and ulna

Humeroradial and Humeroulnar

Elbow Joint (2) – humerus, radius and ulna

Proximal radioulnar

– radius and ulna

Wrist or radiocarpal

– radius and carpals

Intercarpal joints

– between adjacent carpals

Carpometacarpal

– carpals and metacarpals

Metacarpophalangeal joints

– metacarpals and phalanges

Interphalangeal

– between adjacent phalanges

Scapula

is a flat triangular bone that lies against the upper posterolateral chest wall.

medial or vertebral, lateral or axillary, superior

Borders of the scapula

Angles of the scapula

superior or medial, inferior, lateral

acromion, fossa

Spine of the scapula

Glenoid cavity

Head

Body, Head, Nek, Coracoid Process

Scapula parts:

Acromion

– the flat rounded lateral end of the spine

Glenoid cavity

– is an oval depression on the lateral surface of the head of the scapula.

Coracoid process

– is a beaklike projection originating from the anterior border of the neck of the scapula.

Clavicle

Is a long flat bone somewhat resembles an old fashioned key.

Acromial extremity (end), Body, and Sternal extremity

Clavicle PARTS

Conoid tubercle

– small rough prominence on the posterior margin of the inferior surface of the clavicle towards the acromial end.

Humerus

A long cylindrical bone that reaches from the shoulder to the elbow.

Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)

– is a furrow that extends longitudinally on the anterior surface of the upper humerus between the greater and lesser tubercle.

Anatomical neck

– slightly constricted obliquely directed part of the humerus between the head and the remainder of the bone.

Surgical neck

– constricted part of the humerus below the tubercles.

Deltoid tubercle

– a rough prominence on the anterolateral surface.

Capitulum (little head)

– small rounded prominence forming the lateral part of the lower articular end of the humerus.

Trochlea (pulley)

– forms the medial part of the distal articular surface of the humerus.

Coronoid fossa

– a depression on front of the lower humerus immediately above the trochlea.

Radial fossa

– a small depression on the front of the lower humerus above the capitulum.

Olecranon fossa

– a depression on the back of the lower humerus above the trochlea.

Medial epicondyle

– knucklelike rounded bony prominence on the lateral margin of the lower humerus above the capitulum.

Lateral epicondyle

– smaller bony prominence on the lateral margin of the lower humerus.

Ulnar groove

– is a furrow on the dorsal surface of the medial epicondyle through which the ulnar nerve descends to the forearm.

Radius

Lateral bone of the forearm

head of the radius

is its upper expanded disclike end, with slightly concave upper articular surface

Radial tuberosity

– a rough prominence on the anteromedial surface of the radius below its neck.

Styloid process

– a large bony prominence on the lateral border and distal end of the radius.

Ulnar notch

– a small depression on the medial margin of the distal end of the radius above its articular surface.

Carpal articular surface

– a large smooth area on the distal end of the radius that articulates with the carpal bones.

Ulna

Medial bone of the forearm.

Olecranon process

– bluntly rounded upper end of the ulna that lies posterior to the elbow joint.

Coronoid process

– extends anteriorly from the upper part of the body of ulna. It is beaklike and lies below and anterior to the olecranon.

Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)

– concave half-moon shaped hollow on the anterior surface of the olecranon and the upper curved surface of the coronoid process.

Radial notch

– is a depression on the lateral surface of the upper ulna below the trochlear notch.

Styloid process of the ulna

– is a small pointed prominence that extends distally from the posteromedial border of the ulnar head.

Hand or Manus

O Wrist or carpus

O Metacarpus

O Digits

Scaphoid bone

– Boat shaped and lies on the lateral side of the wrist.

Lunate bone

– Crescent shaped, resembling a half-moon.

Triquetral bone

– Triangular in shape

Pisiform bone

– It lies anterior to triquetral bone and forms anteromedial part of the wrist.

Capitate bone

– Largest bone of the wrist

Hamate bone

– Has a hooklike process called the hamulus

Sesamoid Bones

O Small oval or rounded masses of bone tissue that develop in tendons. O They are composed of bone cells, and are not just deposits of calcium.

Patella

– largest sesamoid bone

Sternoclavicular joint

• a gliding joint

• Sternal end of clavicle

• Clavicular notch of the sternum

Acromioclavicular joint

• Acromial end of the clavicle

• Acromion of the scapula

Shoulder joint

• a ball and socket joint

• Head of humerus

• Glenoid cavity of head of scapula

Elbow joint (Cubital joint)

• a hinge joint

• Humeroulnar

• Humeroradial

Humeroulnar

O trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Humeroradial

O Capitulum of the humerus and head of radius

Proximal radioulnar joint

– a pivot joint O Head of radius (circumference) O Radial notch of ulna

Distal radioulnar joint

– a pivot joint O Head of ulna O Ulnar notch of radius

Wrist joint

• a condylar joint

• Distal articular surface of radius

• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral –wrist

Intercarpal joints

• gliding joints

• Between adjacent carpal bones

Carpometacarpal joint

O At thumb – a saddle joint

O Others – gliding joint

O Distal row of carpal bones

O Bases of adjacent metacarpal bones

Metacarpophalangeal joints

• condylar joints

• Distal end of a metacarpal

• Base proximal phalanx of digit

Proximal interphalangeal joint

• hinge joints

• Head of proximal phalanx of digit

• Base of middle phalanx

Distal interphalangeal

• hinge joints

• Head of middle phalanx

• Base of a distal phalanx

Carpal Tunnel

Formed anterior to the wrist by a transverse carpal ligament that is attached to the scaphoid and trapezium laterally and to the pisiform and hook of the hamate medially.

Carpal Tunnel

This ligament, together with the anterior curved surfaces of the carpal bones, forms a tunnel for the tendons, blood vessels and nerves pass from the forearm into the hand.

Abrachium

one or both arms may be absent.

Sprengel’s deformity

Elevation and deformity of the scapula

Fusion

A joining together of the upper ends of the radius and ulna, with inability to supinate or pronate the hand.

Radiography of the Upper Limb

O Scapula

O Shoulder joint

O Calcifications

O Humerus

O Elbow joint and forearm

O Wrist

O Metacarpals

O digits