Alcohol & Phenols

making alcohol by fermentation conditions and reagents

Yeast (Zymase), 30-35°C, Anaerobic

Products of alcohol making by fermentation

Alcohol and CO2

making alcohol from alkenes conditions and reagents

hydration/ addition reaction

300°C

60-70 atm

Conc Sulphuric acid/ phosphoric acid catalyst

H2O (g)

making alcohol from haloalkanes conditions and reagents

Nucleophilic substitution reaction, NaOH (aq), reflux/ warm

Reaction of alcohol- dehydration conditions and reagents

Elimination reaction, conc sulfuric acid catalyst, 170°C. Produces steam and alkene.

Reaction of alcohol- partial oxidation conditions and reagents

Acidified potassium dichromate (H+/ K2Cr2O7), reflux and distillation produces an aldehyde or ketone.

Reaction of alcohol- full oxidation conditions and reagents

Acidified potassium dichromate (H+/ K2Cr2O7), reflux. Produces a carboxylic acid.

Reaction of alcohol- esterification conditions and reagents

H2SO4 or HCl catalyst

reflux

carboxylic acid

reducing agents

NaBH4/ Sodium tetraborohydride/ sodium borohydride- weaker reduces aldehydes and ketones

LiAlH4 (in a dry ether solvent)/ lithium aluminium hydride- stronger reduces everything

why are acyl (acid) chlorides extremely reactive

Massive delta + on carbon making it highly susceptible to nucleophilic attack

what gas do acyl chlorides give off when reacting

Fuming Hydrogen chloride gas which is corrosive

How to name an acyd chloride?

and -oyl chloride to the end

reaction of acyl chlorides- making esters

reacts with alcohol

RTP, Add alcohol drop wise, nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism.

Produces HCl(g)

reaction of acyl chlorides- making carboxylic acids

reacts with water

RTP and add water dropwise, nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism

Produces HCl(g)

reaction of acyl chlorides- making amides

reacts with ammonia

RTP, add amine/ ammonia dropwise, nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism

produces white fumes

what is the advantage of acid anhydrides

they react similarly to acid chlorides but do not give off hydrogen chloride gas as a product so do not give of large volumes of gas on an industrial scale

what does anhydride and water produce

2 carboxylic acids

what does anhydride and alcohol produce

2 esters

what bases will phenol react and not react with

WILL react with strong bases like NaOH- produces sodium phenoxide and water

WILL N OT react with weak bases such as sodium carbonate

explain the acidity of phenol

phenoxide ion is stable as the -ve charge on the oxygen can be delocalised around the ring structure.

reactions of phenol with strong bases

reactions of phenol with bromine

reactions of phenol with ethanoyl chloride

explaining the reactivity of phenol

can readily react whereas benzene needs a catalyst to react

electron density in the benzene ring is greater than that of benzene

oxygen in the OH has a lone pair of p orbitals

test for phenol groups

Add iron (III) chloride / ferric chloride

A Prussian blue/ purple/ blue solution will form if present