FUNCHEM.4 Moles, Chemical Equations and Reactions. Composition of Physiological Solutions

Flashcards covering fundamental concepts in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, including moles, chemical equations, reactions, and the composition and concentration of physiological solutions.

What is an atom?

The basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination.

What is a molecule?

An aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces (also called chemical bonds).

What is a diatomic molecule?

A molecule that contains only two atoms.

What does a molecular formula show?

The exact number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

What is atomic mass?

The mass of the atom in atomic mass units (amu).

How is one atomic mass unit (amu) defined?

As a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

What is molecular mass?

The sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

How does molecular mass relate to molar mass?

For any molecule, molecular mass (amu) is numerically equal to molar mass (grams/mol).

What is a chemical reaction?

A process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances.

What is a chemical equation?

It uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction.

What is a mole (mol)?

The amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C.

What is Avogadro's number (NA)?

6.0221415 x 10^23.

What is molar mass?

The mass in grams of 1 mole of molecules or 1 mole of atoms.

How do you calculate the number of moles?

Number of moles = mass (g) / Molar mass (g/mol).

What do the symbols (s), (l), and (g) indicate in a chemical equation?

The state of the product or reactant: solid, liquid, or gas, respectively.

In a chemical equation, what does (aq) mean?

Dissolved in water (aqueous solution).

What do prefix numbers refer to in a chemical equation?

The whole molecule.

What is the first step when balancing a chemical equation?

Put a '1' in front of the most complicated molecule on the reactant side.

What is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

What is a solute in a solution?

The substance being dissolved.

What is a solvent in a solution?

The substance 'doing' the dissolving, typically present in a larger amount.

Approximately how much of the human body is made up of water?

~60%.

What are the main types of quantitative concentrations for solutions discussed?

Percentage Concentration and Molar Concentration (Molarity).

How is Weight/Volume percent (w/v %) calculated?

(g of solute / 100ml of solution) x 100.

How is Weight/Weight percent (w/w %) calculated?

(g of solute / 100g of solution) x 100.

Under what condition does Weight/Volume percent equal Weight/Weight percent?

For aqueous solutions (where 1ml of water = 1g of water).

What is Intravenous (IV) therapy?

The giving of substances directly into a vein.

Why is an I.V. drip usually isotonic with blood plasma?

To prevent red blood cells from swelling and bursting (haemolysis) or shrinking due to osmotic pressure differences.

How is Milligram percent (mg %) calculated?

(mg of solute / 100ml of solution) x 100.

What common clinical measurement is expressed in milligram percent (mg %)?

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels.

How are Parts Per Million (PPM) calculated?

mg of solute / 1 Litre of solution.

When is Parts Per Million (PPM) concentration typically used?

To describe extremely dilute solutions, such as concentrations of toxic metals in drinking water.

What is Molarity (M)?

Molarity indicates the number of moles of a solute per liter of solution.

How is Molarity (M) calculated?

Moles of solute / liters of solution.