AP Psych- Motivation and Emotion

Emotion

Full body response involving subjective conscious experience (cognitive), accompanied by bodily arousal (physiological) and characteristic over expressions.

Display Rules

Socially learned standards which regulates the expression of emotion.

Varies by culture

Lateralization of emotion

Concept that different hemispheres of the brain are specialized for processing different aspects of emotion

James-Lange theory

Emotion is the RESULT of a physiological response which in turn activates the emotion

PROPOSED BY: William James, Carl Lange

Cannon-bard theory

Theory which physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the SAME TIME

PROPOSED BY: Walter Cannon, Philip Bard

Two-factor theory

An emotion IS EXPERIENCED when a person first experiences physiological arousal, which gets cognitively labeled based on a situation

PROPOSED BY: Frederick Herzberg

Cognitive appraisal theory

Our emotional experience is DETERMINED by how we interpret / appraise a situation rather than the situation itself

PROPOSED BY: Richard Lazarus

Opponent-process theory

Emotional events elicit two competing responses

Process (A), and Opponent (B)

PROPOSED BY: Ewald Hering

Sensation seekers

Tendency to search out and engage in thrilling activities of increasing stimulation and arousal

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to percieve understand, manage, and use emotions

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Drive

Psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfil need + reduce

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Motive

Underlying reason or driving force behind ones behavior

Intrinsic Motivation

Rewards we get internally results in higher achievement

BETTER THAN EXTRINSIC

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation to do something to gain rewards or avoid punishment

Works great in short run

Instinct Theory

Motivation comes from natural selection

“People are born with innate traits which allow them to behave naturally”

Fixed-action patterns

Sequences of innate behavior often preformed in FIXED and STEROTYPICAL manner of all members of species.

Need

a requirement of some material (food, water) that is essential for survival of an organism

Inverted U function

Graphical representation of the relationship between arousal level and performance

Homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chem like glucose around a level

EX: Inc hunger → eat → Glucose raised

Locus of control

Our belief that we control the outcome of our own lives

Hierarchy of needs

1 self-actualization

2 self esteem

3 love and belonging

4 safety

5 psysiological

Developed by: MASLOW

Overjustification

Phenomenon where external rewards for activity someone enjoys intrinsically can decrease motivation to preform activity

Needs for achievement

Persons intrinsic desire to accomplish goals, excel in tasks, high-standards after seeking situation which modulate challenge to prove compentence

Set Point

Point at which the weight thermostat may be set, If body falls below weight, increase hunger + lower metabloic rate may contribute to restore lost weight.

Approach-Approach

Choosing between 2 GOOD things

Approach-Avoidance

Option before you has BOTH GOOD AND BAD outcomes

Avoidance-Avoidance

Choosing between 2 BAD THINGS

Multiple Approach-Avoidnace

Lots of options, each with good and bad aspects

Stress

A physical and mental response to a challenge or threatening situation

Yerkes-Dodson law

Law explaining relationship between TASK PREFORMANCE and AROUSAL.

Arousal effect appears to be modified by difficulty level of the task

PROPOSED BY: Robert. M Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson

Stressor

A stressed stimulus or situation demanding adaptation

Acute Stress

Stress temporarily experienced from MINOR situations, occurs quickly and fades once situation has occurred.

EX: Traffic jams, loud noises, running late, speaking up in quite class to answer question

Chronic Stress

A Long-term exposure to a stressor persisting over an extended period. Often caused by ongoing difficulties or repeated trauma.

EX: Work-related stress, Relationship stress, PTSD

Fight or flight

Physiological response triggered by perceived threats or stressor which prepares someone to confront (fight) or escape (flight).

General Adaptation Syndrom

Pattern of GENERAL PHYSICAL RESPONSES that take the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor

Stage of resistance

Second phase of (GAS),

Body attempts to adapt to prolonged stressor by maintainng heightened level of psysiological arousal

Alarm reaction

First phase of GAS, Initial physiological response to a stressor

Stage of exhaustion

Final GAS phase

Bodys response to prolonged or chronic stress

Learned Helplessness

Condition where individual FEELS POWERLESS TO CHANGE thier situation due to repeated failures or past negative outcomes

Incentive

Our NEEDS push incentives both POS/NEG STIMULUS pull us in increasing or reducing our drives