AP Euro unit 4 (Atlantic world and Wars of religion)

Age of Exploration

A period that provided wealth to some developed nations but also fueled religious conflicts.

Economic Renewal

Fostered social change by creating a powerful new merchant class and driving state centralization.

Wars of Religion

Conflicts driven by complex factors beyond mere religious conflict, including economic renewal and state-building.

Potosi

A silver mine in Bolivia that provided enormous wealth to fund the Spanish Habsburg empire.

Mestizos

People of mixed European and indigenous ancestry who entered the Americas during the colonial period.

Commercial Revolution

Signified the shift from a feudal, localized economy to a market-based global economy.

Demographic Shift

Characterized by a general recovery and growth in Europe's population, driven by economic renewal but punctuated by reversals caused by wars of religion.

Putting Out System

A decentralized method of production from the late Middle Ages that flourished in early modern Europe, coexisting with and eventually giving way to factory production.

Medieval Economy vs. Early Modern Economy

Transitioned from a feudal, agrarian, and localized economy to a merchantilist, capitalist, and globalized one.

Interest in Early Modern Economy

Previously condemned by the Catholic Church but later became more accepted.

Role of Women in Economy

Provided with new economic roles, particularly in textile production, allowing them to earn wages from home.

Mercantilism

A general economic theory and policy aimed at maximizing exports and minimizing imports, often through regulations.

Economic Motivations

Factors that fueled and shaped religious conflicts during the Wars of Religion.

State Centralization

The process by which new monarchies consolidated power and authority, enabling them to finance wars.

Market-Based Economy

An economy characterized by the exchange of goods and services in a competitive marketplace.

Factory Production

A system of manufacturing that emerged after the decline of the putting out system.

Economic Roles

New responsibilities and opportunities for women in the workforce during the early modern period.

Regulations in Mercantilism

Policies designed to control trade and economic activity to benefit the state.

Spanish Habsburg Empire

The empire that was significantly funded by the wealth generated from the Potosi mines.

Colonial Period

The time during which European powers colonized the Americas, leading to the emergence of mestizos.

Economic Change Impact

The influence of economic shifts on the social and political order in modern Europe.

Complex Factors in Wars

Elements beyond religion that contributed to the conflicts, including economic interests.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer and voyager who commanded the first fleet to sail directly from Europe to India.

Columbus' discovery of the Americas

It impacted the economic renewal of Europe and influenced religion through the influx of precious metals from the Americas.

Spanish Empire in America

Defined by its use of colonial wealth to finance costly European wars of religion, leading to severe inflation.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of the 16th century who extracted wealth from the Americas back to Spain.

Encomienda

A Spanish labor system in the Americas that funded Spain's expansion through colonial exploitation.

Capital

The financial resources and wealth that fund economic activities.

Entrepreneur

An individual who identifies and exploits new economic opportunities.

Favorable balance of trade

A situation where exports exceed imports, ensuring a net inflow of precious metals.

Usury

The charging of interest on loans.

Commercial capitalism

An economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Commercialization of industry

The process of managing and organizing industries for profit.

Population growth

An increase in the number of people that can drive economic change.

High inflation

A period of rising prices that can impact economic stability.

Fugger

A mercantile dynasty that played a pivotal role in economic renewal and the influx of precious metals.

Magellan

His circumnavigation contributed to Europe's economic renewal through global expansion.

Mission

A religious and exploratory endeavor, often associated with the spread of Christianity.

Iberian Union

The union of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns that hurt Spain's economy.

Mining

The extraction of valuable minerals, which was central to the wealth of empires.

Trade monopolies

Exclusive control over trade in a particular commodity or region.

Sea route from Africa to Asia

A maritime path that connected Europe to Asian markets, facilitating trade.

Geographical knowledge

Information about the physical layout of the world, which was expanded during the voyages of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Statute of Artificers of 1563

English law that regulated labor by fixing wages and standardizing training through apprenticeships.

Chartered trading companies

Organizations granted a charter by the government to conduct trade and commerce.

Nobility

The class affected by mixed fortunes and rising investment in trade.

Middle class

The class affected by the rise in economic opportunities and wealth.

Peasantry

The mass of agricultural workers who were often subjected to forced labor.

English Poor Law of 1601

A national welfare system established as a state-sponsored response to economic and social disputes.

Hidalgo

A minor nobility whose privileged tax-exempt status hindered economic renewal and exacerbated social tensions.

Junkers

The landed aristocracy of Eastern Germany who consolidated their political control over the peasantry.

Hereditary subjection

A form of serfdom where peasants were legally bound to their lords and the land for generations.

Political centralization

The consolidation of power within a central authority, often seen in Eastern Europe.

Economic growth

The increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over time.

Education changes in early modern period

The curriculum was diversified to meet the needs of a changing society.

Role of government in economic growth

Acted as a distributor and promoter of growth by establishing security and enhancing trade routes.

Differences between Eastern and Western Europe

Western Europe experienced a commercial revolution and overseas trade, while Eastern Europe faced consolidation of serfdom.

Ursuline sisters

Their central role in educating girls contributed to the economic development in large Catholic areas.

Economic classes in early modern Europe

Society was divided into nobility, middle class, and peasantry, each affected differently by economic changes.

Philip II of Spain

Regarded himself as an international figure due to his vast inherited territories and commitment to Catholicism.

Habsburg lands after Charles V

Formally split into Spanish and Austrian branches, solidifying existing political and religious fractures.

Economic stress and religious warfare

Conditions that intensified during the Thirty Years' War following the division of Habsburg lands. What characterized the general state of religious and political affairs in Europe during Philip II's reign?

How was the Netherlands described during Philip II's reign?

It was a wealthy, highly urbanized region caught between economic dynamism and restrictive, centralizing policies imposed by a distant Spanish Catholic ruler.

What were the main factors driving the Netherlands' revolt against Philip II?

The revolt was driven by political control over semi-autonomous provinces, religious tensions, and economic grievances against Philip II's attempts to impose absolute rule.

What led to England's involvement in the conflict between Spain and the Netherlands?

A convergence of religious, economic, and strategic factors led to the Anglo-Spanish War, impacting England's economic development and internal religious struggles.

What were the reasons for Spain's decline in the late 1500s?

Spain faced issues of imperial ambition, economic mismanagement, inflation from wealth drained by the American colonies, and internal conflicts.

What was the significance of the Siglo de Oro (Spanish Golden Age)?

It represented a period of cultural and economic flourishing in Spain, united by the defense of Catholicism, despite the challenges faced by the Habsburg dynasty.

What was the role of the Duke of Alva in the Dutch revolt?

His actions, including the suppression of religious and political dissent, fueled the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule.

What was the Joyeuse Entrée?

A charter of privileges that was abrogated by Spanish rule, used to justify the Dutch revolt.

Who was William of Orange and what was his role in the Dutch revolt?

He was a political and military leader who led the resistance against Spanish rule and advocated for religious tolerance.

What was the Spanish Armada?

A massive fleet dispatched by Catholic Spain in 1588 to invade Protestant England.

What was the significance of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609?

It was a temporary cessation of hostilities in the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch Republic and Spain.

What was the Edict of Nantes and its significance?

Issued in 1598, it granted religious tolerance to Huguenots and marked the end of the French Wars of Religion under Henry IV.

What were Cardinal Richelieu's objectives as chief minister of France?

He aimed to consolidate royal power and strengthen France's international standing.

What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on Germany?

It led to widespread devastation, population decline, and significant territorial and political changes.

What was the Peace of Augsburg and its impact on the Holy Roman Empire?

It allowed princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism, providing temporary stability but excluding Calvinism.

What were the four phases of the Thirty Years' War?

1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625): Revolt against Habsburg control. 2. Danish Phase (1625-1629): Catholic victories against Protestant forces. 3. Swedish Phase (1630-1635): Swedish intervention. 4. Swedish-French Phase (1635-1648): France enters the war against Spain.

What were the major provisions of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?

It expanded religious tolerance, restored property to Protestants, and recognized the sovereignty of various states within the Holy Roman Empire.

Who were the Czechs in the context of the Thirty Years' War?

They were the people whose revolt against Habsburg rule sparked the conflict that escalated into the Thirty Years' War.

What was the role of Frederick V in the Thirty Years' War?

He was the leader of the Protestant Union and was defeated, which expanded the conflict beyond Bohemia. Who was Emperor Ferdinand during the Thirty Years' War?

What was the significance of the Battle of White Mountain?

It was a decisive battle that solidified Habsburg control over Bohemia.

What did the Edict of Restitution (1629) enforce?

It was a decree by Emperor Ferdinand II that enforced the restoration of Catholic properties lost to Protestants.

What was the outcome of the Peace of Prague (1635)?

It elevated Habsburg control over Protestant territories in Germany and reduced imperial and religious authority.

What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on state sovereignty?

It led to formal recognition of independence for certain states, such as the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederation.

Who was Gustavus Adolphus?

He was a Swedish king known for his military leadership during the Thirty Years' War, particularly in battles against the Habsburgs.

What was the 'Staatensystem'?

It refers to the system of state sovereignty that emerged from the Peace of Westphalia, reducing the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.

What was the role of the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War?

They aimed to maintain and expand their power by suppressing Protestant movements and reinforcing Catholic dominance.

What was the significance of the 'Farmal recognition' in the context of the Thirty Years' War?

It granted greater autonomy to various states, acknowledging their independence and reducing centralized imperial control. Putting-out system

Guilds

Organizations that attempted to pass restrictive quality differences, maintain control over raw materials, and enforce anti-competitive production in rural homes.

Mercantilism

An economic system involving government interference to increase national revenue and wealth, including a ban on machinery imports, high tariffs on manufactured goods, subsidies for domestic exports, and the use of colonies for raw materials and markets.

West vs East Economic Systems

The West was characterized by growing commercial capitalism, a developing middle class, and an increasingly urbanized population, while the East had feudal remnants, serfdom, and a stronger influence of the Junker and Catholic Church.

West vs East Social Structure

In the West, social structure featured a rising middle class, peasants gaining rights, land ownership for non-nobles, comprehensive education for all, and less religious servitude. The East had peasants and serfs without rights, minimal training, and education typically restricted to noble-born males.

Reasons for Portugal and Spain's Exploration

Portugal and Spain led exploration due to greater security from their monarchies, wealth from customs and taxation, and a desire to drain rivals' resources.

Motivations for European Exploration

The motivations included expanding geographical knowledge, expanding available resources, and gaining access to newly discovered lands.

Spanish Colonial System

Characterized by numerous European exports to the region and general exploitation of resources.

Columbian Exchange

Brought new resources such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, potatoes, and corn to Europe, while introducing diseases, livestock, and new crops to the Americas.

Effect of New Diseases on Native Americans

New diseases caused by the Columbian Exchange decimated the native populations, leading to increased wealth for Europeans.

Primary Influx from New World to Old World

Vast amounts of gold, silver, and other precious metals, along with new food crops.

Encomienda System

Involved forced Native labor, colonial administration, and the establishment of new political institutions and new routes of commerce, all supported by the state.

Dutch Revolt Reasons

Key reasons included heavy taxation, Spain's strict Catholicism and persecution of Calvinism, trade restrictions, and centralizing of power by Spain.