Chapter 5- The American Revolution

Revolutionary War

During the ________, she (Abigail Adams) wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront.

Republican ideology

________: Political belief in representative democracy in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on the citizens 'behalf.

Washington

He helped ________ and Rochambeau force Cornwallis to surrendur at Yorktown.

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

________: Former Prussian military officer who volunteered his services during Valley Forge to train Continental forces how to operate as an army.

William Howe

________: during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32, 000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.

Fort Sackville

Clark's Rangers: a small force of frontiersmen through the freezing waters of the Illinois country to capture British- held ________ at Vincennes during February 1779.

Richard Montgomery

________: A formerly British General, he then led the colonists.

Representative democracy

________: A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

Joseph Brant

________: Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries.

Valley Forge

________: Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777- 1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops.

Loyalists

________: American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

France

Treaty of Alliance: Treaty where ________ agreed to help the colonists win their independence from England.

Inoculations

________ and smallpox: fervent during war time and caused the lives and lost limbs of many.

Daniel Morgan

________: Continental Colonel of regular army and some militia.

Hessians

________: German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Thomas Jefferson

Written by ________ and passed by the Virginia General Assembly on January 16, 1786, it is the forerunner of the first amendment protections for religious freedom.

Charles Cornwallis

________: Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

Benjamin Franklin

________: American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Joseph Paul de Grasse

Francois- ________: Admiral who commanded a French fleet in American waters.

Lafayette

________: French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War.

Benedict Arnold

________: American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

American Crisis

The ________: An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River.

Cornwallis

________ and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet.

George Washington

________: 1st President of the United States; commander- in- chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732- 1799)

Patrick Ferguson

________: leader of the American Loyalist at the Battle of King's Mountain- Loser.

Nathanael Greene

________: American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land.

Battle of Long Island

________ and White Plains: British cannonball hit unprepared American troops; British, led by William Howe, could have captured retreating Americans, but failed to pursue it.

Citizen soldier

________: A soldier who returns home and resumes his life when the fighting is over.

Direct democracy

________: A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

Horatio Gates

________: Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17, 1777 at the battle of Saratoga.

Articles of Confederation

________: 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781- 1788 (weaknesses- no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Battles of Saratoga

________: a series of conflicts between British soldiers and the Continental Army in 1777 that proved to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War.

Thomas Paine

________: American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737- 1809)

Henry Clinton

________: Commander- in- Chief of the British army in American replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.

Lord Dunmore

________: Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army.

John Burgoyne

________: British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722- 1792)

John Jay

________: United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745- 1829)

Battle of Trenton

________: On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River.

Battle of Yorktown

________: Last major battle of the Revolutionary War.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Battle of Brandywine

Battle during which the Continental Army unsuccessfully tried to stop the British from marching into Philadelphia (1777)

Battle of Cowpens

An overwhelming victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War.

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

March 15, 1781 battle between the forces of Cornwallis and Greene near Guilford Courthouse (modern day Greensboro, N.C.) The British won a thin victory in the battle, but the win sapped much of the British strength.

Battle of Kings Mountain

This battle was fought between 2 militias; the Loyalists versus the Patriots. The Patriots won.

Battle of Long Island and White Plains

British cannonball hit unprepared American troops; British, led by William Howe, could have captured retreating Americans, but failed to pursue it

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

Battles of Saratoga

a series of conflicts between British soldiers and the Continental Army in 1777 that proved to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

citizen-soldier

A soldier who returns home and resumes his life when the fighting is over

Clark's Rangers

a small force of frontiersmen through the freezing waters of the Illinois country to capture British-held Fort Sackville at Vincennes during February 1779

Daniel Morgan

Continental Colonel of regular army and some militia. Master of guerilla warfare. Given credit for winning the Battle of Cowpens.

Deborah Simpson

- passed as a man and served as a soldier for a year
- became high ranking officer until her identity was discovered

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Francois-Joseph-Paul de Grasse

Admiral who commanded a French fleet in American waters. He helped Washington and Rochambeau force Cornwallis to surrendur at Yorktown. Eventually, a British fleet met and defeated his fleet in the West Indies.

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Former Prussian military officer who volunteered his services during Valley Forge to train Continental forces how to operate as an army.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Henry Clinton

Commander-in-Chief of the British army in American replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.

Henry Laurens

leader of the American Revolution and president of the Continental Congress (1724-1792)

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Horatio Gates

Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

Lord North

British Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts and supported the king greatly to the extent that Britain was ruled only by the king.

Nathanael Greene

American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land

Patrick Ferguson

leader of the American Loyalist at the Battle of King's Mountain-Loser

republican ideology

Political belief in representative democracy in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on the citizens' behalf.

Richard Montgomery

A formerly British General, he then led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. Montgomery's attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed.

The American Crisis

An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River.

Treaty of Alliance

Treaty where France agreed to help the colonists win their independence from England

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Virginian Statute of Religious Freedom

a statement about both freedom of conscience and the principle of separation of church and state. Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly on January 16, 1786, it is the forerunner of the first amendment protections for religious freedom.

William Howe

during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

inoculations and smallpox

fervent during war time and caused the lives and lost limbs of many

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Lafayette

French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

representative democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

state constitutions

During the war, most states had their own const. to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the gvns. power.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence and 3rd president of the US

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Tories

Another name for Loyalists