honors bio--chromosomes

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Biology

9th

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85 Terms

1
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what is another term for cell reproduction

cell division

2
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cell division occurs in humans and other organisms at different times in their life when…

new cells are formed

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what are 2 types of eukaryotes that perform cell division?

mitosis and meiosis

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what type of cells does mitosis produce?

somatic or body cells

5
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examples of mitosis

skin, heart and liver cells

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mitosis is a form of ------- reproduction

asexual

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what type of cells does meiosis produce?

gametes or sex cells

8
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examples of meiosis

sperm and egg

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meiosis is a form of ------- reproduction

sexual

10
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before a cell divides, the ---- is first copied and then distributed

DNA

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prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division called…….

binary fission

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binary fission is a form of ------ reproduction that produces identical offspring

asexual

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in asexual reproduction, a single parent passes exact ---------- to its offspring

copies of all of its DNA

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how many stages does binary fission occur in?

2

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in the first stage of binary fission, the ---- is copied, and then the cell ------

DNA, divides

16
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in the second stage of binary fission, the prokaryote is pinched into….

2 independent cells

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a ----- is a segment of DNA that codes for a ---- or RNA molecule

gene, protein

18
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when genes are being used, the ----- is stretched out so that the information it contains can be used to direct the synthesis of proteins

DNA

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a loose form of DNA is called….

chromatin

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as a eukaryotic cell prepares to divide, the DNA and the proteins associated with the DNA coil up into a structure called a……

replicated chromosome

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the two exact copies of DNA that make up each replicated chromosome are called….

chromotids

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the two chromotids of a chromosome are attached at a point called a….

centromere

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during eukaryotic reproduction, the chromotids become seperated during….

cell division

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when chromotids are seperated when a eukaryotic cell reproduces, they are each placed into a new cell to ensure that each new cell will have the same ------------- as the orginal cell

genetic information

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how long does it take for a prokaryotic cell to divide

20 minutes

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how long does it take for a eukaryotic cell to divide

24 hours

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-------- chromosomes are chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content

homologous

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each --------- in a pair a homologous chromosomes comes from one of the two parents

homologue

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the 46 chromosomes in human ------ cells are actually two sets of ---- chromosomes

somatic, 23

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when a cell, such as a somatic cell, contains two sets of chromosomes, it is set to be -----. ex: 2n=46 for humans

diploid

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when a cell, such as a gamete, contains one set of chromosomes, it is said to be -------. ex: n=23 for humans

haploid

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the fusion of 2 haploid gametes, is a process called ------- and forms a dipoid ------

fertilization, zygote

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a fertilized egg cell is a….

zygote

34
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------- are chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex (gender) of an individual. they are chromosome numbers ---- in a karyotype

autosomes, 1-22

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the -----------, one of the 23 pair of chromosomes in humans, contain genes that will determine the sex of an individual

sex chromosomes

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in humans and many other organisms, the two sex chromosomes are referred to as the -- and -- chromosomes

x,y

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xx= -----

girl

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xy= -----

boy

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x= -----

girl with boy like features

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y= -----

die

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xxy= -----

boy with girl characteristics

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humans with more than 2 copies of a ------, a condition called trisomy, will not develop properly

chromosome

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another name for trisomy 21

down’s syndrome

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abnormalities in chromosome number can be detected by analyzing a --------, a photo of the chromosome in a dividing cell that shows the chromosomes arranged by size

karyotype

45
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changes in an organism’s chromosome structure are called….

mutations

46
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breakage of a chromosome can lead to - types of mutations

4

47
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what are the types of mutations?

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

48
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-------- removes a chromosomal segment

deletion mutation

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------- repeats a segment

duplication mutation

50
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--------- reverses a segment within

inversion mutation

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-------moves a segment from one chromosome to another nonhomologous one

translocation mutation

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the ------- is a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during the life of an organism

cell cycle

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a cell spends 90 percent of its time in the first three phases of the cycle which are collectively called -----------. cells such as mature nerves and muscles will never go through -------, but stay in ---

interphase, mitosis, G0

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how many phases are in the cell cycle?

5

55
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what stage of the cell cycle does a cell grow rapidly and carries out its routine functions

stage 1, first growth, G1

56
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what stage of the cell cycle does a cell’s DNA and centrioles are copied

stage 2, synthesis, S

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what stage of the cell cycle are preparations made for the nucleus to divide, organelles are duplicated and microtubules are formed for the spindle apparatus

stage 3, second growth, G2

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what stage of the cell cycle does the nucleus of a cell is divided into two identical nuclei, includes 4 phases of its own

stage 4, mitosis

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what stage of the cell cycle does division of the cytoplasm occur, creating 2 identical cells

stage 5, cytokinesis

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the cell cycle has key checkpoints at which -------------- from the cell can trigger the next phase of the cell cycle.

feedback signals

61
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other feedback signals can delay the next phase to allow for completion of the ------------

current phase

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control of the cell cycle occurs at - principle checkpoints

3

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this checkpoint makes the decision of whether the cell will divide

cell growth, G1

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DNA replication is checked at this point by DNA repair enzymes

DNA synthesis, G2

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this checkpoint triggers the exit from mitosis

mitosis checkpoint

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if a cell fails a checkpoint, it may kill itself via…

apoptosis

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certain ----- contain the information necessary to make the proteins that regulate cell growth and division.

genes

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what is the uncontrolled growth of cells

cancer

69
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during -------, the chromatids on each chromosome are physically moved to opposite sides of the dividing cell with the help of the --------

mitosis, spindle

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------- are cell structures made up of both centrioles (animals only) and individual microtubule fibers that are involved in moving chromosomes during cell division. ------- fibers attach directly to the chromosome whereas nonkinetochore fibers overlap at the ------ from opposite poles.

spindles, kinetochore, equator

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when a cell enters the ------- phase, the centriole pairs start to seperate, moving toward opposite poles of the cell.

mitotic

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as the centrioles move apart, the ------ begins to form

spindle

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plant cells lack……

centrioles

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the chromatids are moved to each ----- of the cell in a manner similar to bringing in a fish with a fishing rod and reel.

pole

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when the microtubule “fishing line” is “reeled in,” the -------- are dragged to opposite poles

chromatids

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as soon as the chromatids seperate from eachother they are called ----------

chromosomes

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what are the steps of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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in prophase the nuclear envelope and ------ dissolve, chromotin coils up into visible replicated chromosomes under a scope, causing a ------ to form

nucleolus, spindle

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in prophase chromosomes move to the center of the cell and line up along the -------- due to kinetochore fibers. ----- are at the poles. this is the longest stage

equator, asters

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in anaphase centromeres divide and ------- part toward opposite poles via kinetochore fibers. the cell shape ------ caused by non-kinetochore fibers. this is the fastest stage

chromatids, elongates

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in telephase a nuclear ------ forms around the chromosomes at each pole that uncoil back into chromotin. nucleoli reappear in each new nucleus. spindle breaks down. ---- forms

envelope, cleavage

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the purpose of ----- is growth, repair, and routine maintenance

mitosis

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as mitosis ends, ------- begins

cytokinesis

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during cytokinesis, the ----- of the cell is divided in half, and the cell membrane grows to enclose each cell, forming two seperate cells as a result

cytoplasm

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the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is two genetically ------ cells where only one cell existed before

identical