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Reproduction
The process of producing offspring.
Sexual
Reproduction involving two parents.
Zygote
The offspring produced through sexual reproduction.
Asexual
Reproduction involving only one parent.
Protists
Offspring produced through asexual reproduction.
Characteristics of Life
The defining features of living organisms.
Motile
The ability to move.
Sessile
Unable to move but still alive.
Evolution
The process of gradual change in a species over time.
DNA
The genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.
Adaptability
The ability to survive and thrive in a range of conditions.
Energy and its transfer
The movement and transformation of energy within living organisms.
Nutrient transfer
The transportation of nutrients through blood and arteries in humans.
Cell production
The need for energy and nutrients to produce more cells.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Protons
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles found in the electron shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
Nucleus
The central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
Atomic Mass
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Chemical Number
The number of electrons in an atom.
Ionic Bond
A bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Covalent Bond
A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged.
Ions
Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
Chemistry of Water
The properties and behavior of water molecules.
Covalent Bonds in Water
The sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water molecules.
Polar Molecule
A molecule with a positive and negative end.
pH Value
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Surface Tension
The force that pulls water molecules down and in, creating a thin skin on the surface called the meniscus.
Adhesion
The ability of water to adhere to other substances.
Cohesion
The ability of water molecules to stick together.
Capillary Action
The ability of water to spread, sometimes against gravity.
Organic Compounds
Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.
Carbohydrates
Biological compounds that break down into sugars.
Lipids
Biological compounds that store energy and provide insulation.
Proteins
Biological compounds that perform various functions in living organisms.
Nucleic Acids
Biological compounds that store and transmit genetic information.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars, the monomers of carbohydrates.
Disaccharides
Double sugars formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides.
Dehydration Synthesis
The process of joining monomers together by removing water molecules.
Starch
A polysaccharide found in plants, used for energy storage.
Glycogen
A polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals.
Cellulose
An indigestible polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
Chitin
A polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi.
Fatty Acids
Chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms that make up lipids.
Phospholipids
Lipids that make up cell membranes.
Triglyceride
A lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water.
Hydrophobic
Repelled by water.
Saturated Fats
Fats that are full of hydrogen atoms.
Polyunsaturated Fats
Fats with fewer hydrogen atoms and more double bonds.
Cholesterol
A lipid that can accumulate in blood vessels and cause congestion and pressure.
Cell Membrane
The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds and protects the cell.
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