Biology/H:

• Reproduction

  • Sexual: Two parents

• Zygote: Sexual offspring

• Asexual: One parent

• Protists: Asexual offspring

• Characteristics of Life

  • Motile: Ability to move

  • Sessile: Can not move but is still alive

  • Must have the ability to evolve

  • Must have DNA

  • Ability to survive in a range of conditions

• Energy and it’s transfer

  • Humans transfer nutrients through blood and arteries

  • Energy and nutrients are needed to produce more cells

• Atoms

  • Isotopes: Atoms with the normal number of protons but different number of neutrons.

  • The parts of an atom and their charges:

    • Protons: Positively charged particles

    • Neutrons: Neutrally Charged particles

    • Electrons: Negatively Charged particles

    • Nucleus: The center of the Atom (No charge

  • Atomic Mass: The number you get when adding protons and neutrons

  • Chemical number: The number of electrons in the atom

• Bonds in Atoms

  • Ionic Bond: Transferring electrons

  • Not sharing electrons

  • Makes compounds

  • On an atom, there is room for 2 particles on the first ring, 8 on the second, and 8 on the third

  • Covalent bonds: When electrons are shared between the atoms.

  • Hydrogen is the smallest element and is always looking for another hydrogen

  • Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter can not be created nor destroyed, it can only be rearranged.

• Ions:

  • Any particle with a charge

  • An atom can become + or - charged from there being more electrons or protons

  • When two + charged atoms and two - charged atoms are attracted it is called an Ionic bond. This makes them have a neutral charge

• Chemistry of Water

• Water has covalent bonds between O and H2

• Oxygen has 8 electrons and Hydrogen has 1

• H2O has 10 electrons 

• Water is a Polar Molecule

• H+ is Hydrogen and OH- is Hydroxide, (H+/OH-) = H2O

• A solution has a Ph value

• The more H+ the lower the Ph value meaning more acidic

• The more OH- the higher the Ph meaning more alkaline

• Properties of Water

• Surface tension pulls water molecules down and in

• The thin skin formed on the surface is called Meniscus

• Water adheres to things like a magnet

• Water can adhere things together like glue

• Cohesion is water's ability to stick together

• Capillary Action is water spreading sometimes even against gravity

• Organic Compounds 

• 4 major biological compounds

• Carbohydrates 4 calories per gram

• Lipids 9 calories per gram

• Proteins 4 calories per gram

• Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

• Carbohydrates

• Carbs break down to sugars

• Simple sugars are monosaccharides

• Monomer = single unit

• Types of simple sugars

• Plants C6H12O6 glucose

• Fruits C6H12O6 fructose

• Dairy C6H12O6 galactose

• Suffix ose indicates sugar

• Double Sugars have formula C12H22O11

• Maltose = glucose + glucose

• Sucrose = glucose + galactose

• Known as disaccharides

• Polysaccharides are made of many monomers

• Everytime monomers connect dehydration synthesis must occur

• Starch is a polysaccharide

• Starch comes from plants - Glycogen

• Animals store sugar in glycogen

• Cellulose is an indigestible known as roughage

• Chitin makes up insect exoskeletons, animal version of cellulose

• Lipids

• Lipids = Fats, Oils, and Wax

• Lipids store

• Lipids provide more energy than Carbs 

• Lipids formula C55H110O2

• Lipids are made of fatty acid chains that end in a carboxyl group

• Lipids that make up cell membranes are called Phospholipids

• Lipids also undergo dehydration synthesis

• Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids + glycerol

• Phospholipids have a head of phosphate with 2 fatty acid chains

• Phosphate head attracts water (hydrophilic)

• Fatty acid tail doesnt like water (hydrophobic)

• Non-polar molecules can dissolve in each other

• Fat = Flavour

• Saturated fats are full of hydrogen

• Polyunsaturated fats has many less hydrogens and many more double bonds

• Cholesterol from saturated fats can accumulate in blood vessels and cause congestion and pressure

• Cell membrane is made of phospholipid bilayer