ANAT PHYSIOL II (Exam 1)

PREload

Amount of Ventricular Stretch at the end of diastole.

Contractility

Amount of force developed by the ventricular myocytes for a given preload

Afterload

Amount of resistance the heart most overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve

What will increasing sympathetic tone do to the heart?

Increase heart by depolarization the SA Node and Increase the force of contraction

What will increasing parasympathetic tone do to the heart?

Decrease heart rate by hyper polarizing the SA Node by releasing acetylcholine

What is correct about the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system

Neurotransmitters are epinephrine and acetylcholine, respectively

Neutrophils

Most common leukocyte and are phagocytic

Monocyte

Moves into cell 1 or 2 days and become macrophage there

Lymphocyte

Second most common Leukocyte for months or decades

Basophills

Round and full of histamine filled granules that promote inflation

Lymphoid stem cells

Become Lymphocytes, which are granular

Myeloid Stem Cells

Red Bone Marrow, Cannot become Lymphocytes, Can become eosinphills, neutrophills, basophills, and red blood cells

Blood Clotting

Would probably be slow if the person had a damaged liver because the liver produces many plasma proteins that are essential for the process Sue’s

Dehydration

Will cause the hematocrit to rise, always

What fluid would you use to replace blood in a patient

High NCL Low KCL, like 140mM NaCl and 5mM KCL, That will also give an osmolarity of 290mOsm/L

Does blood regulate pH and ion of interstitial fluid

YES, 100%

Sue’s hematocrit is 16, what do you expect be true?

She is either not producing enough rbc’s by hematopoiesis or or she has lost blood and is bleeding internally

What is the extracellular concentration of K+ Na+ Ca+2

5mM, 140mM, 3mM

Comparing plasma to interstitial fluid

The concentration of dissolved proteins is 7% higher in plasma

A diabetic person has a blood glucose concentration of 378mg/dl after eating a slice of birthday cake. What do you know about their plasma osmolarity

Definitely high because glucose is an osmotic particle. I would estimate plasma osmolarity to be 320mOsm/L

A hypertonic intravenous solution is given to patients who have hyponatremia

Red blood cells shrink, the patient has elevated plasma NA+ concentration

Which component of blood contains more Na+

Plasma has more Na+. Plasma volume is usually more than ½ the blood volume and it contains -140 mM Na+ and 4.5 mM K+

Calculate the osmotic concentration of solution containing 135mM NaCl, 5mM KCl, 2mM CaCl2, and 5.5mM Glucose

291.5 mOsm/L

During a cardiac action potential

Na+ flows into the cell results in membrane depolarization

The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood into the ___, and the semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ____

Atria, Ventricles

What is the best definition of an artery and vein

Arteries carry blood away from the heart veins always return blood to the heart

What is different about conducting cells and contractile cells

Conducting cells can be pacemaker cells and they can also rapidly transmitLayers electrical signals around the heart. Contractile cells generate force

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart resulting in fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. This interferes with filling of the ventricles.

When the AV valves are open, and the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) are closed

the ventricles are diastole and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

Damage to the semilunar valve on the left side of the heart would effect blood flow to which vessel

Aorta

Where is systolic pressure highest

Left ventricle because it must provide enough pressure to push blood through the systemic circulation.

During the cardiac cycle the ventricles are filling

During ventricular diastole

How does the autonomic nervous system influence the SA Node

Extend the plateau phase, allowing more calcium to enter and making contractions stronger

The pulmonary Arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

The question is about the ECG. Select the best answer

The ECG measures electrical activity at the skin surface and is useful for measuring the overall timing of electrical events in the heart

The left atrium collects blood from the ___ and empties into the left ventricle

Pulmonary Circuit

What is depolarization during a cardiac action potential

Rapid change in the membrane potential with it becoming more positive, for instance moving from -90mV to +30mV during a cardiac action potential

The systemic circulation

Has oxygenated blood in arteries and deoxygenated blood in veins.

Do Chordae Tendene close heart valves

No, the fibrous tendons prevent eversion of the AV valves

Damage to the aortic semilunar valve on the left side of the heart

Will interfere with blood flow to the aorta

The systemic circuit is

Left Ventricle, Aorta, Systemic Capillaries, Vena Cava, Right Atrium

Consider blood flow in the heart. Beginning in the right atria, blood flows through the

Right AV valve, right ventricle, systemic circuit, left atrium, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and the pulmonary circuit

Why is K+ important for cardiac myocyte function

During a cardiac action potential it is required for repolarization

Consider electrical impulse condition through the heart. What is correct?

The impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, there is a 100msec delay, and the impulse then travels along the inter-ventricular spectrum, bundle branches, and to the Purkinje fibers at the apex of the heart

How does the parasympathetic nervous system slow heart rate

It hyper polarized the pacemaker cell membrane potential, making it harder to reach threshold

If Joe’s blood volume is 5L, and his hematocrit is 30%, which is plasmas volume

3.5L

What is leukocytosis

It is a white blood cell count above normal that usually results from infection

Reticulocytes

Immature red blood cells, are most found in red bone marrow

Albumins

Are the most abundant plasma proteins and are the major contributer of plasma osmolarity

What is true about hemoglobin

It is in red blood cells and is an intracellular protein and is stimulated by erythropoietin

Which of the leukocytes is phagocytic, granular, and is roughly 2-4% of circulating white blood cells?

Eosinophils

How do you determine what type of blood you can receive in transfusion

It depends on the antibodies that are in your plasma. Once you know what antibodies you have, then you choose a blood type that doesn’t interact with those antibodies

Why does hematocrit drop if a person drinks 2 or 3 gallons of water

Absorbing so much water to the body will add water to the blood, Since the total amount of formed elements is not changed the % of blood volume by formed elements decreases

What is erythropoisess

The production of red blood cells in a myeloid tissue. Myeloid tissues is also called bone marrow

What is true about a person with A+ blood type

She has rh antigens on her red blood cells

What do colony stimulating factors (CSF) do and when might they be used to treat disease

CSF can stimulate production of all formed elements except lymphocytes. They could be used to stimulate production after any treatment that lowers blood counts, for example cancer treatment

What is true about red blood cells lifetime and turnover

After about 120 days macrophage identify and recycle rbc’s. Heme and iron are recycled. Macrophage are located in the liver

What is the role of the liver in blood clotting

The liver synthesizes the inactive clotting fibrinogen

Blood Clotting is a complicated process that is essential for maintenance of life. Which part of the process begins with the activation of proenzymes that are already in the blood stream

The intrinsic pathway

Do plasma proteins contribute to the osmolarity of blood

yes, plasma proteins are important contributor to blood osmolarity

The vascular phase of blood clotting

Lasts about 3 minutes, and is quickly followed by the platelet phase which is trigged by factor X

Which value is correct for cation concentration in red blood cells

K= - 139mM

What is the disease that involves either overproduction of red blood cells

Polcythemia

Patient comes in with numbness on 1 side of her face, has trouble speaking and 1 eyelid is drooping. She is 60 years old. What do you predict will be done with her blood?

Thrombolytic therapy will reduce plasma vitamin K and Ca2+ which will reduce or stop blood clotting

Oxyhemoglobin

refers to oxygenated hemoglobin, and is bright red

Where will you find 7g/dl protein that is in blood

plasma

If you have type Ab blood what antibodies are you likely to find in your plasma

None!

Why cant a person with type B blood safely receive blood from someone with type A

Type b blood contains antibodies against type A antigens

Convert 2 mols of NaCl to grams. The MW of NaCl is 58grams/mol

116g

Convert 10gs of KCL to mols. The MW of KCL is 74gm/mol

0.135mols

What is the osmolarity of a solution containing 125mM NaCl and 50mM KCl and 2mM Cacl2

356mOsm/L

What is the intracellular concentration of Na+, K+ and Ca2+

10mM, 140mM, 0.0001mM

In a normal healthy person how much protein would you expect to be in his blood? Assume that he has a typical blood volume, 5L

350g

How much NaCl is required to make 1L of a 140mM solution

140mM // 8.12g

Do albumins contribute to the osmolarity of blood

Yes, plasma proteins are an important contributor to the osmolarity of blood.

if you have type A blood, your plasma holds circulating ___ and will attack ___

Anti B antibodies, type B blood

Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells are both contractile, but there are differences as well. Select the one false statement

Skeletal muscle cells usually have sustained contractions, but cardiac muscle cells have brief twitches

Consider blood flow in the heart. Beginning in the right atria, blood flows through the

RIght AV, Right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary circuit, left aria left av valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and systemic circuit

Layers of the heart are the endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, and parietal pericardium. Which description is correct

The epicardium includes the visceral and parietal pericardium, and is essentially the pericardial sac / visceral and parietal pericardium are also called the epicardium since they cover the surface of the heart

What is in electrocardiogram

It is electrical activity measured at the skin surface resulting from electrical activity in cardiac myocytes

What does it mean when we say autonomic intervention of the heart

It refers to the part of the central nervous system that stimulates the heart or slows the heart using neurotransmitters

Your father is supposed to take amoxicillin to treat pneumonia. He is prescribed 250mg. The amoxicillin concentration is 250mg/5mL. One teaspoon is 5mL. How many teaspoons will you give him each time

1 teaspoon because that is 5mL, and 5ml contains 250mg

If Joe’s blood volume is 5L, and his hematocrit is 40%, what’s his plasma volume?

3L

What fluid matches this description: it is acellular and contains 5mM K+, 140mM Na+, 2mM Ca2+ and 7% protein

Plasma

Which component of blood contains more Na+

Plasma it is usually more then ½ the blood volume and contains 140mM Na+ and 4.5mM K+

Globulins

Account for 30% of the plasma proteins, They function as immunoglobulins that attack foreign proteins and also transport hormones

Synthesis of plasma proteins occur

In the liver during starvation, albumins cannot be produced in sufficient quantity that somestimes results in edema