AP HUG Unit 1
Physical Geography - study of spatial characteristics of various elements of physical environment
Physical geographers study - landforms, bodies of water, climate, ecosystems and erosion
Human Geo - study of spatial characteristics of humans and human activities
Human geographers study - pop., culture, politics, urban areas, and economics.
References Maps - General info. and locations
Political Maps - Shows political boundaries
Physical Maps - Natural features
Road maps - Highways, Streets, etc.
Plot Maps - land ownership/ lot lines
Thematic Maps - Communicate info. abt a place
Choropleth Maps - Various colors to show a location and distribution of spatial data
Dot Distribution Maps - Dots represents a specified quantity of a characteristics
Graduated Symbol Maps - Symbols of diff. sizes to indicate amounts of a variable
Isoline Maps - Symbols of diff. sizes to indicate amounts of a variable
Topographic Maps - Lines and textures to show elevation
Cartogram - Sizes of countries according to a specific variable
Map Projections - Process of cartographer shows the curved surface of the earth on a map
Mercator Projection (1569 and *the oldest projection still being used)
Direction, shape, preserves right angles of latitude and longitude
Purpose - Navigation
Disadvantages - Area is distorted near the poles, increase size of high latitude areas
Peters
Landmasses are accurate; repositions many countries to right size
Disadvantages - Shapes are inaccurate, vertically stretched near equator
Robinson
No Major distortions
Purpose - Compromise
Disadvantages - All aspects are slightly disordered
Mollweide
Preserves the size of fig.
Disadvantages - heavily distorts shape, not good for navigation
Distortion - Affects Shape, area, distance and directions.
Absolute Location - Exact and uses co-ordinates and addresses
Relative Location - Relative to another place (minutes)
Absolute Distance - Exact miles, km or ft to another place
Relative Distance - Connections, movement and flow of things between places
Absolute Direction - Exact Precise (Compass Rose)
Relative Direction - Giving verbal directions to someone
Clustering - The # of things in a given area
Dispersal - The way something is spread out over an area
Spatial Patterns - Shows 2 or + phenomena may be related with 1 another
Quantitive Data - Using #’s (Hard Facts)
Qualitative Data - Using Descriptions (interviews, etc.)
Field Work/Field Observations - An individual visiting the place and recording info firsthand
Field Work example - US Census
Field Observations Examples - Media reports, Travel Narratives, Policy Documents, Personal Interviews
Geospatial Tech - Used by business, organization, governments to make decisions.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - stores, analyzes and displays info from multiple sets.
GIS Identifier - Multiple layers
GIS can be used for - Crime data, pollution, urban planning
Aerial Photography - Taking pics from flying stuff
Remote Sensing - Taking pics or sensors to take info of the earth
Uses of Remote Sensing - Weather, environment changes
Geovisualizations - 2D/3D maps that allow ppl to zoom in/out to see data
Community based solutions - Power of NGO and GO’s to help improve living standard, also increases likelihood of success and more culturally accepted
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) - An organization (NOT GO) focused on issues of humans and social issues (EX - basic needs)
Landscape Analysis - Defining and describing landscapes
Sense of Place - Factors that contribute to the uniqueness of a location.
Cultural Landscape/Built Environment - Physical artifacts that humans created which make up the landscape. Human produced.
Placelessness - A location without a sense of place.
Toponym - Location’s name - usually reflective of the culture & history of a place.
Site/Physical Landscape - Environmental features of a location; includes climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, elevation.
Spatial Interaction - Connections, contacts, movement, and flow of things between places.
Regionalization - The process geographers use to divide and categorize space into smaller areas of analysis.
Distance Decay - The interaction between 2 places declines as distance increases
Time Space Compression - Increasing sense of accessibility which brings us closer
Diffusion - the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another.
Relocation Diffusion - When people move, they spread ideas with them
Expansion Diffusion - Innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations
Globalization- Are we more connected now than ever before?
Cultural Ecology - The study of how humans interact or adapt to the environment.
Spatial Perspective - What? Where? Why there? Why care?
Human environmental interaction - Interactions between human social system and the ecosystem
Natural Resources - Resources that can be found on Earth
Non Renewable Resources - Coal, oil, gas and nuclear E. Cannot be replaced
Renewable natural resources - sun, water wind. Can replenish themselves
Environmental determinism - Climate and landforms are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and society/cultural development
Possibilism - Acknowledges the limitations imposed by the natural environment but focuses on the role of humans to modify the environment.
Scale - Relationship of the size of a map to amount of area it represents (wht can you see?)
Scales of analysis - Level of analysis at which data is presented
Small scale maps - Show large area with SMALL amounts of data. Zoomed out.
Large scale maps - Shows small area with LARGE amounts of data. Zoomed IN
Aggregation - Grouping data together. Organize data at different scales.
Global - Show the world at 1 level of data
Regional - Shows data by countries/world regions
National - Shows data for 1/more countries
Local - Shows data at a subnational level
Census Tract - Smallest scale of analysis (1,000-8,000 ppl)
Regions - One or more unifying characteristics/patterns of analysis
Formal (uniform) region - united by 1 or more specific traits
Types of formal regions - Economic, Social/cultural, Political, ENvironment
Functional (nodal) regions - organized around a central nodal and the relationship is typically based around economic, travel, communication
Nodal - Focus point
Perceptual (vernacular) region - based on person’s perceptive/perception of a certain location.
Core country - Controls the global market, good allies, politically and economically dominant
Core Country Examples - USA, Australia, Canada, France, Spain
Semiperiphery Country - Have core and periphery processes occurring, have potential to grow to a core country, better transportation, communication than periphery
Semiperiphery Country Examples - India, China, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea
Periphery Country - Have unstable governments, less wealth and lower levels of edcu. than core, bad infrastructure, export natural resources to core
Periphery Country Examples - North Korea, Russia, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Pakistan
Physical Geography - study of spatial characteristics of various elements of physical environment
Physical geographers study - landforms, bodies of water, climate, ecosystems and erosion
Human Geo - study of spatial characteristics of humans and human activities
Human geographers study - pop., culture, politics, urban areas, and economics.
References Maps - General info. and locations
Political Maps - Shows political boundaries
Physical Maps - Natural features
Road maps - Highways, Streets, etc.
Plot Maps - land ownership/ lot lines
Thematic Maps - Communicate info. abt a place
Choropleth Maps - Various colors to show a location and distribution of spatial data
Dot Distribution Maps - Dots represents a specified quantity of a characteristics
Graduated Symbol Maps - Symbols of diff. sizes to indicate amounts of a variable
Isoline Maps - Symbols of diff. sizes to indicate amounts of a variable
Topographic Maps - Lines and textures to show elevation
Cartogram - Sizes of countries according to a specific variable
Map Projections - Process of cartographer shows the curved surface of the earth on a map
Mercator Projection (1569 and *the oldest projection still being used)
Direction, shape, preserves right angles of latitude and longitude
Purpose - Navigation
Disadvantages - Area is distorted near the poles, increase size of high latitude areas
Peters
Landmasses are accurate; repositions many countries to right size
Disadvantages - Shapes are inaccurate, vertically stretched near equator
Robinson
No Major distortions
Purpose - Compromise
Disadvantages - All aspects are slightly disordered
Mollweide
Preserves the size of fig.
Disadvantages - heavily distorts shape, not good for navigation
Distortion - Affects Shape, area, distance and directions.
Absolute Location - Exact and uses co-ordinates and addresses
Relative Location - Relative to another place (minutes)
Absolute Distance - Exact miles, km or ft to another place
Relative Distance - Connections, movement and flow of things between places
Absolute Direction - Exact Precise (Compass Rose)
Relative Direction - Giving verbal directions to someone
Clustering - The # of things in a given area
Dispersal - The way something is spread out over an area
Spatial Patterns - Shows 2 or + phenomena may be related with 1 another
Quantitive Data - Using #’s (Hard Facts)
Qualitative Data - Using Descriptions (interviews, etc.)
Field Work/Field Observations - An individual visiting the place and recording info firsthand
Field Work example - US Census
Field Observations Examples - Media reports, Travel Narratives, Policy Documents, Personal Interviews
Geospatial Tech - Used by business, organization, governments to make decisions.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - stores, analyzes and displays info from multiple sets.
GIS Identifier - Multiple layers
GIS can be used for - Crime data, pollution, urban planning
Aerial Photography - Taking pics from flying stuff
Remote Sensing - Taking pics or sensors to take info of the earth
Uses of Remote Sensing - Weather, environment changes
Geovisualizations - 2D/3D maps that allow ppl to zoom in/out to see data
Community based solutions - Power of NGO and GO’s to help improve living standard, also increases likelihood of success and more culturally accepted
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) - An organization (NOT GO) focused on issues of humans and social issues (EX - basic needs)
Landscape Analysis - Defining and describing landscapes
Sense of Place - Factors that contribute to the uniqueness of a location.
Cultural Landscape/Built Environment - Physical artifacts that humans created which make up the landscape. Human produced.
Placelessness - A location without a sense of place.
Toponym - Location’s name - usually reflective of the culture & history of a place.
Site/Physical Landscape - Environmental features of a location; includes climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, elevation.
Spatial Interaction - Connections, contacts, movement, and flow of things between places.
Regionalization - The process geographers use to divide and categorize space into smaller areas of analysis.
Distance Decay - The interaction between 2 places declines as distance increases
Time Space Compression - Increasing sense of accessibility which brings us closer
Diffusion - the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another.
Relocation Diffusion - When people move, they spread ideas with them
Expansion Diffusion - Innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations
Globalization- Are we more connected now than ever before?
Cultural Ecology - The study of how humans interact or adapt to the environment.
Spatial Perspective - What? Where? Why there? Why care?
Human environmental interaction - Interactions between human social system and the ecosystem
Natural Resources - Resources that can be found on Earth
Non Renewable Resources - Coal, oil, gas and nuclear E. Cannot be replaced
Renewable natural resources - sun, water wind. Can replenish themselves
Environmental determinism - Climate and landforms are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and society/cultural development
Possibilism - Acknowledges the limitations imposed by the natural environment but focuses on the role of humans to modify the environment.
Scale - Relationship of the size of a map to amount of area it represents (wht can you see?)
Scales of analysis - Level of analysis at which data is presented
Small scale maps - Show large area with SMALL amounts of data. Zoomed out.
Large scale maps - Shows small area with LARGE amounts of data. Zoomed IN
Aggregation - Grouping data together. Organize data at different scales.
Global - Show the world at 1 level of data
Regional - Shows data by countries/world regions
National - Shows data for 1/more countries
Local - Shows data at a subnational level
Census Tract - Smallest scale of analysis (1,000-8,000 ppl)
Regions - One or more unifying characteristics/patterns of analysis
Formal (uniform) region - united by 1 or more specific traits
Types of formal regions - Economic, Social/cultural, Political, ENvironment
Functional (nodal) regions - organized around a central nodal and the relationship is typically based around economic, travel, communication
Nodal - Focus point
Perceptual (vernacular) region - based on person’s perceptive/perception of a certain location.
Core country - Controls the global market, good allies, politically and economically dominant
Core Country Examples - USA, Australia, Canada, France, Spain
Semiperiphery Country - Have core and periphery processes occurring, have potential to grow to a core country, better transportation, communication than periphery
Semiperiphery Country Examples - India, China, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea
Periphery Country - Have unstable governments, less wealth and lower levels of edcu. than core, bad infrastructure, export natural resources to core
Periphery Country Examples - North Korea, Russia, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Pakistan
