Macromolecules and Organelles

Cell membrane

Protects cell contents, allows for transport, delineates bounds of the cell, cell-cell communication

Endomembrane system

series of interconnected membranes that allows for transport throughout the eukaryotic cell

part of the endomembrane system

nuclear envelop, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and cell membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of flattened membranes

Rough ER

studded with ribosomes, assists with protein folding, making proteins, lipids, and carbs

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes, assists with making some lipids, detoxifies drugs

Nucleus

houses DNA, consists of it’s own nuclear membrane and nuclear pores (small openings), also houses nucleolus (which makes ribosomes)

Nuclear pores and envelope

membrane and porous openings of nucleus, membrane made of phospholipid bilayer

Mitochondria

“powerhouse of cell”, location of aerobic respiration

nucleolus

Inside nucleus, makes ribosomes

Cilia

small hair-like projections around cell, short in length, present in large numbers, part of cytoskeleton

Flagellum

long hair-like projections from cytoskeleton, present as single, double, or triple numbers, long, help with movement

Cytoplasm

inside region of the cell, location of all organelles

centrosome

makes mitotic spindle during mitosis (cell division), component of cytoskeleton

lysosome

membrane sack of digestive enzymes, helps cell digest and recycle structures

peroxisome

membrane sack of detoxifying enzymes

Ribosome

made in nucleolus, housed in nucleus, “workbench of cell”, makes proteins

Cytoskeleton

“skeleton” of cell, structures that support cells, provide structure and shape, and help with transport around the cell, made of different filaments

Golgi

flattened sacks of membranes, help with shipping newly made molecules to where they need to go around the cell

Monosaccharides (ring structure)

Monomer Structure Name of Carbohydrates

Disaccharides (2 rings) and Polysaccharides (strand of monosaccharides)

Polymer Structure Name of Carbohydrate

Stores energy, Provides structure, Fuel for metabolism

3 Functions of Carbohydrates

Glycosidic Linkage

Carbohydrate Bond Name

Glucose: in cells, plants, animals, simple sugar for metabolism

Starch: energy storage molecule in plants

Glycogen: energy storage in animals

Carbohydrate Examples

Fatty acid and structure: Long chain of hydrocarbons

Monomer Structure Name of Lipids

Triglyceride Structure: 3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol, fat storage molecule

Polymer Structure Name of Lipids

Energy storage, Temperature insulation, Protects organs

3 Functions of Lipids

Ester Bond

Lipid Bond Name

Steroids: All cells, communication

Phospholipids: All cells, makes membranes

Waxes: Plants, helps stop water movement

Lipid Examples

Amino Acid structure: Same in every Amino Acid

Monomer Structure Name of Proteins

Polypeptide (strand of amino acids)

Polymer Structure Name of Proteins

Structure

Communication

Enzymes

3 Functions of Proteins

Peptide Bond

Protein Bond Name

Any enzyme: All cells, enable metabolic reaction

Structural proteins like keratin in hair

Insulin, controls blood sugar

Protein Examples

Nucleotide: Contains nitrogenous bases which code A,T,G, and C

Monomer Structure Name of Nucleic Acids

Polynucleotide (strand of nucleotides)

Polymer Structure Name of Nucleic Acids

Carry genetic information

Pass along information

ATP: energy molecule

3 Functions of Nucleic Acid

Phosphodiester bond

Bond Name of Nucleic Acid

DNA – All cells, makes the genome

RNA – All cells, carries and translates genetic info

ATP – All cells, carries energy

Nucleic Acid Examples