Globalisation, green and state crime

According to Castells, what is the global criminal economy worth

£1 trillion per year

What does the global criminal economy include

drug trafficking

human trafficking

money laundering

arms trafficking

What is the importance of the global criminal economy to Colmbia

It is estimated that in Colombia, 20% of the population rely on cocaine production for survival. Cocaine also outsells all the rest of Colombia’s exports combined

What is global risk conciousness

When risk is seen as global rather than local, such as immigration raising questions about rising crime rates. Immigranst are also often portrayed as terrorists and criminals, leading to more hate crime

According to Taylor, how has globalisation led to an increase in crime

Globalisation has created crime at both ends of the social spectrum. By allowing for TNCs to switch manufacturing from HICs to LICs, structural unemployment occurs creating crime. There is aslo an increase in crime for elite groups, such as the creation of the EU allowing for fraudulent claims for subsidies estimated at $7bn per year

How can Taylor’s view on globalisation, capitalism and crime be evaluated

Taylor doesnt explain how these cahnges cause peopel to commit more crime

What are crimes of globalisation by Rothe and Friedrichs

They argue that organisations such as teh IMF and WB impose pro capitalist ‘structural adjustment programmes’ which require poorer countries to cut spending on healthcare and education

How does Cain evaluate Rothe and Freidrichs crimes of globalisation

Cain says that whilst these organisations may not commit crimes, their action scause widespread damage

describe Glenny’s McMafia and how it was formed

Glenny describes the McMafia as organisations that came out of Russia following teh collapse of communism. Under the USSR, prices were regulated but when it fell, the prices shot up, all apart from raw materials which remained at 1/40th of the market price allowing for Soviet officials to make huge profits and creating economic mafias. The Chechyen Mafia began to ‘franchise’ their operations to other criminal groups

Describe Beck’s global risk society

Beck argues that due to the increasei in manufacturing and productivity, we have new ‘manufactured risks’ such as climate change. For example, in 2010 wildfires in Russia destroyed farmland. This had a knock on effect in Mozambique with rising prices resulting in violence and looting, leaving 12 dead

What is traidtional criminology

Situ and Emmons define green crimes as unauthorised acts that violate the law. This approach has a clerly defined subject matter, however laws can be shaped by powerful groups in their own interest

What is green criminology

White argues that a green crime is any action that harms the physical environment. This is also knwon as zemiology, or ‘they study of harms’. This approach is similar to marxism, where White argues taht the state shape laws in their own interest. This perspective allows us to develop a global perspective of environmental harm

What are the 2 views of harm

Anthropocentric assumes that humans have a right to dominate naturefor their own needs such as economic growth

Ecocentric argues that humans and animals are codependent so what harms the environemnt harms humans

What is is a primary green crime and give 2 examples

A primary green crime is a crime that results directly form the destruction or resources

Crimes of air pollution - every year transport adds 6bn tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere

water pollution - 25 million die annually from drinking contaminated water

What are secondary green crimes and give 1 example

Crimes thar grow from breaking the rules aimed at protecting the environemnt

State violence against oppositional groups - french secret servivce blew up a Greenpeace ship, killing one crew member as they were protesting use of nuclear weapons. day says ‘in every acse where nuclear weapons or power are being used, those who oppose are treated to some degree as an enemy’

What is state crime

Illegal or deviant activities committed by or with the compliancy of state agencies

Why are state crimes so serious

the scale of state crime. Green and Ward cite a figure of 262 million people murdered in wars in the 20th century

The state is the source of the law, so they can change what is defined as criminal

What are Mclaughlins 4 types of state crime

political crimes

crimes by security forces

economic crimes

social and cultural crimes

Give an example of crimes by security forces

The genocide in Rwanda, where around 1 million people were killed as a result of political and economic crisis, amplified by racism between 2 groups in Rwanda

Give 2 examples of economic crimes by state agencies

Challenger space shuttle - an example of state initiated crime where risky cost cutting deciions by NASA led to 7 astronauts being killed in an explosion

deepwater oil rig disaster - an example of state facilitated crime where states fail to regulate and control coroprations, wheer an explosion killed 11 workers on a BP oil rig

What are the 2 types of war crimes

Illegal wars - in all cases other than self defence, a war can only be declared through the UN security council. Therefore, by definition many of the US led wars on terror are illegal

crimes committed during or after wars such as torturing of prisoners

How does Chambliss define state crime and what is the problem with this

Chambliss defines state crime as ‘acts defined by law as criminal committed by state agencies’.

However, this definition can allow for states to change teh alw to make their actions not criminal

What ways do sociologists argue we should defines state crimes

Zemiology

Human rights

labelling and societal reaction

domestic law

Evaluation of green criminology

Doesnt have a defined subject matter

How can state crime be explaine through the authoratarian personality

Adorna says taht an authoratarian personality includes a willingness to follow orders of superiors without questoon. They argue that Germans have this due to being brought up with tough discipline.

How can crimes of obediance be used to explain state crime

State crimes are crimes of conformity, as they requite obediance to a higher authority. conforming to one norm means deviating from another, such as a corrupt police unit.

Kelman and Hamilton identify 3 deatures that produce crimes of obediance:

Riutinisation

Authoristion

Dehumanisation

Evaluation of explanations of state crime

Ideological factors are also important, such as the Nazi Aryan race being superior, as well as defining Jews and Roma as sub-human