ch. 11 (fat soluble vitamins)- nutrition

what vitamins are the antioxidants

A, C, E..

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

3 forms of vitamin A

retinol

the alcohol form of vitamin A

retinal

the aldehyde form of vitamin A

retinoic acid

the acid form of vitamin A

rhodopsin

A light-sensitive pigment found in the rod cells that is formed by retinal and opsin.

vitamin a deficiency may cause

night blindness

xerophthalmia

dry eyes

xerophthalmia is due to

vitamin a deficiency

beta carotene

Vitamin A

vitamin a toxicity causes

joint pains, headaches, dry skin

Accutane & retin A

made from vitamin A, thin the skin to reduce acne

What effect does vitamin D have on intestinal villi?

causes elongation of intestinal villi, which increases calcium absorption.

How does vitamin D affect bone health?

promotes bone growth and mineralization.

What impact does vitamin D have on tuberculosis resistance?

increases resistance to tuberculosis.

What is the effect of vitamin D on colon cancer risk?

decreases the chance of developing cancer of the colon.

rickets

Vitamin D deficiency

tocopherol

Vitamin E

vitamin e is an

antioxidant for the lipid tissues of the body, it reduces inflammation

What is a deficiency of vitamin E associated with?

Anemia

What effect does vitamin E deficiency have on coordination?

Loss of coordination

What type of damage can result from a deficiency of vitamin E?

Nerve damage

What condition can vitamin E deficiency cause in the breast?

Cysts in the breast

What is intermittent claudication?

Abnormal blood flow to the muscles of the legs causing cramping

too much vitamin e may cause

will cause bleeding fatigue, cramps, blurry vision, and stroke

what are some good examples of vitamin e

oils, seeds, nuts, eggs, leafy green vegetables, and salad dressing

What is vitamin K required for?

the liver to make clotting factors and to make bone proteins.

What happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin K?

bleeding

What can reduce vitamin K levels in the body?

Antibiotics and blood thinners

too much vitamin k can cause

jaundice, red blood cell hemolysis, and brain damage.

What is hemorrhage disease in newborns?

Excessive bleeding due to low vitamin K levels.

Why do newborns have low vitamin K levels?

The GI tract is stable before birth, so there are no bacteria to produce vitamin K.

What is the effect of low vitamin K on newborns?

Newborns make less prothrombin, which reduces blood clotting.

What is given to newborns to prevent hemorrhage disease?

Vitamin K is administered as soon as they are born.

What are free radicals?

molecules that can damage tissues and are involved in various metabolic processes.

How are free radicals produced in the body?

eaten, made in normal metabolism, and produced by immune cells to kill microbes.

Where are free radicals found in the cell?

found in lysosomes and peroxisomes.

What health issues are associated with free radicals?

contribute to aging, cataracts, diabetes, and heart disease.

How can free radicals be attained from the environment?

can be breathed in from environmental sources.

antioxidants

they react to absorbed or neutralize free radicals

What vitamins are antioxidants?

A, C, E