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What is the northernmost UK weather station?
Leuchars
What is the northernmost English weather station?
Leeming
What is the westernmost UK weather station?
Camborne
Which weather station is closest to London?
Heathrow
Which UK weather station is closest to the Isle of Wight?
Hurn
What are the three overseas weather stations?
Beijing, Jacksonville, Perth
In what unit (and tenths) is the daily mean temperature measure in?
Degrees Celcius - average of the hourly temperature during a 24 hour period
Between which times (at GMT) is the daily mean temperature measured?
09:00 to 09:00
What would be seen if no data was available for daily mean air temperature?
n/a
Between which times (at GMT) is the daily total rainfall measured?
09:00 to 09:00
What does a tr / trace value mean for daily total rainfall?
<0.05mm
What unit is daily total rainfall measured in?
Millimetres
What would be seen if no data was available for daily total rainfall?
n/a
What is daily total sunshine measured in?
Nearest tenth of an hour (of bright sunshine)
What would be seen if no data was available for daily total sunshine?
n/a
What is daily maximum relative humidity a measure of?
How close the air is to being saturated with water vapour.
What is a relative humidity of 95% and above associated with?
Mist and fog.
What would be seen if no data was available for daily maximum relative humidity?
n/a
What are wind speeds measured in?
Knots - unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour
What is one knot approximately equal to, in mph?
1.15 (mph)
To how many degrees is the daily mean wind direction rounded?
(To the nearest) 10 (degrees)
What is the daily maximum gust direction?
The direction from which the wind was blowing during the maximum gust
What is the daily maximum gust speed?
The highest instantaneous speed which occurred during the 24 hours on the date given
What other type of direction is given for windpseeds?
Cardinal (compass) direction and bearings
What would be seen if no data was available for wind speeds?
n/a
What is the name of the unit in which cloud cover is measured in?
Oktas
How much is an Okta?
One eighth
What is cloud cover?
The fraction of the celestial dome covered by cloud
How would visibility be defined at daytime?
The greatest distance at which an object can be seen and recognised in daylight
How would visibility be defined at nighttime?
The greatest distance at which an object can be seen and recognised if the general illumination were raised to daylight level
In which direction is visibility measured?
Horizontally
What is visibility measured in?
Decametres
What would be seen if no data was available for visibility?
-
From what level is the mean sea level pressure calculated?
Station level
What was previously used as the unit of pressure?
Millibars
Which SI unit is currently used as the unit of pressure?
Hectopascals
What is one hectopascal equal to?
One millibar
Describe how air temperature is measured
By thermometers in a louvered screen 1.25 metres above short grass
What are the exceptions to how air temperature and humidity is measured?
At some Weather Centre's and Climate Data Logger stations from a non-standard roof top exposure
In British Summer Time, when do the 24 hour measuring periods start?
10:00
Daily Total Rainfall also includes
solid precipitation which is melted
What device measures visibility,?
Visiometer
Windspeed is measured from what time, over...?
00:00 GMT, 24 hours
What are the categories for the Beaufort scale corresponding to 0, 1-3, 4 and 5 respectively?
Calm, Light, Moderate, Fresh
Give the range of windspeeds, in knots, for calm, light, moderate and fresh speeds respectively.
<1, 1-10, 11-16, 17-21
What are the only data recorded in overseas stations?
Daily mean: rainfall, temperature, pressure, windspeed
Coastal locations are typically
windier
Northern locations are typically
colder
For 2015 the windiest month on average, for all stations, was
May
In the UK in 2015, the wettest month on average was
August
Worldwide, the wettest city in 2015 was
Jacksonville
In 2015 the wettest UK city was
Camborne
The warmest UK location on average in 2015
Heathrow
In 2015, in order of mean temperature for overseas stations
Jacksonville, Beijing, Perth
Why is Perth pretty cold during the range of months given compared to the rest of the world?
It is in the southern hemisphere whereas the rest are in the northern hemisphere. So the seasons occur at different times.
What extreme event happen in 1987, when, and where?
The Great Storm of 1987. A violent extra tropical cyclone that occurred on the night of 15-16 October in England
In 2015, what extreme event happened, when, and where?
26 August, Heathrow airport was affected by the heavy rains
Give the date of a strong heat wave which occurred across the UK, and the temperature.
30 June 2015, 30 degrees and above
Why is it important to know where measurements are taken?
For consistency and comparison
What type of data is in the data set, in terms of collection?
Secondary
Why is it important to know about windspeed and maximum wind gusts for Heathrow?
It is an airport, wind greatly affects landing and taking off.
5 UK Weather Stations
✅ Camborne - Coastal
✅ Hurn - Coastal
✅ Heathrow - Inland
✅ Leeming - Inland
✅ Leuchars - Coastal
3 International Weather Stations
✅ Jacksonville - Coastal
✅ Perth - Coastal
✅ Beijing - Inland
11 Variables
✅ Daily Mean Temperature
✅ Daily Total Rainfall
✅ Daily Total Sunshine
✅ Daily Maximum Relative Humidity
✅ Daily Mean Windspeed
✅ Daily Maximum Gust
✅ Daily Mean Wind Direction
✅ Daily Maximum Gust Direction
✅ Cloud cover
✅ Visibility
✅ Pressure
Daily Mean Temperature
✅ degrees Celsius / °C
✅ average of hourly temperature readings during a 24 hour period
Daily Total Rainfall
✅ millimetres / mm
✅ tr/trace < 0.05mm rainfall
✅ tr should be taken as 0 when calculating a mean
Daily Total Sunshine
✅ recorded to nearest 1/10 of an hour
✅ shows the amount of bright sunshine recorded on the day of entry
✅ measured by an instrument that measures the amount of solar radiation exceeding a threshold
Daily Maximum Relative Humidity
✅ % of air saturation with water vapour
✅ a measure of how close the air is to being saturated with water vapour
✅ relative humidities of above 95% are associated with mist and fog
Daily Mean Windspeed
✅ knots (nautical miles per hour) / kn
✅ 1kn = 1.15 mph
✅ averaged over the 24 hours from 0000GMT on the date given
✅ also given on Beaufort Scale
✅ also listed as cardinal directions for UK locations
Beaufort Scale Wind Speed Categories
✅ 0 = Calm
✅ 1-3 = Light air / breeze
✅ 4 = Moderate
✅ 5 = Fresh
✅ 6 = Strong breeze
✅ 7 = Near gale
✅ 8 = Gale
✅ 9 = Strong gale
✅ 10 = Storm
✅ 11 = Violent storm
✅ 12 = Hurricane
Daily Maximum Gust
✅ knots (nautical miles per hour) / kn
✅ maximum instantaneous speed
✅ occurs during 24 hours from 0000GMT on the date given
Daily Mean Wind Direction
✅ degrees from true north / °
✅ cardinal direction
✅ rounded to the nearest 10 degrees
✅ direction of max. gust is that from which the wind was blowing when the maximum gust occurred
Cloud Cover
✅ eighths / Oktas
✅ fraction of the celestial dome (sky) covered by cloud.
Visibility
✅ decametres / Dm
✅ greatest horizontal distance at which an object can be seen and recognised in daylight
✅ measured using visiometer at automatic sites/ observers at manual stations/ non-standard roof top exposure.
Mean Pressure
✅ in hectopascals (hPa)
✅ mean sea level pressure
✅ calculated from a measurement made at station level
✅ one hectopascal (hPa) = 1 millibar (mb).
UK Location Camborne
✅ Temp Range 10-20
✅ Wind Speed Range 3-18
✅ Sunshine 0-16 hours
✅ Gust 8-52 nm
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
UK Location Heathrow
✅ Temp Range 8-29
✅ Wind Speed Range 3-19
✅ Sunshine 0-16 hours
✅ Gust 8-52 nm
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
UK Location Leeming
✅ Temp Range 4-23
✅ Wind Speed Range 3-17
✅ Sunshine 0-16 hours
✅ Gust 8-52 nm
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
UK Location Hurn
✅ Temp Range 6-24
✅ Wind Speed Range 2-19
✅ Sunshine 0-16 hours
✅ Gust 8-52 nm
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
UK Location Leuchars
✅ Temp Range 4-19
✅ Wind Speed Range 3-23
✅ Sunshine 0-16 hours
✅ Gust 8-52 nm
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
World Location Beijing
✅ Temp Range 8-33
✅ Wind Speed Range 2-9
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
World Location Jacksonville
✅ Temp Range 15-31
✅ Wind Speed Range 1-12
✅ Rainfall 0-60 mm
World Location Perth
✅ Temp Range 8-25
✅ Wind Speed Range 4-14
✅ Rainfall 102 mm
Pressure
✅ Typical Value for whole set = 988-1038 hPa
Small Sample from One Location in Each Country
✅ Doesn't provide enough evidence to prove statements
Note
Flashcard