AP Human Geography Review

Reference Maps

Reference Maps

Display physical and man-made features for informational purposes.

Thematic Maps

Show density and distribution of quantitative data to tell a story.

Choropleth Maps

Use colors or shadings to represent data.

Dot Maps

Display distribution patterns.

Graduated Symbol Maps

Use proportional symbols to represent data.

Isoline Maps

Show areas of equal value.

Cartograms

Distort sizes to represent data.

Absolute Location

Describes a place using latitude and longitude for quantitative measurement.

Relative Location

Describes a place in relation to other places for qualitative measurement.

Clustered Patterns

Concentrated, clumped groupings of objects.

Dispersed Patterns

Scattered, spread out distribution of objects.

Uniform Patterns

Evenly spaced arrangement of objects.

Random Patterns

No discernible pattern in the arrangement of objects.

Map Projection

Representation of Earth's surface on a flat map with distortions.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Computer system for collecting, storing, and analyzing spatial data.

Remote Sensing

Gathering information from Earth's surface using satellites.

Satellite Navigation Systems (GPS)

Provides specific location data using latitude and longitude.

Field Observations

Recording information by visiting a place.

Media Reports

Using news outlets to gather information about an area.

Landscape Analysis

Studying and describing a place.

Geospatial Data

Data related to specific Earth locations used for decision-making.

Absolute vs

Quantitative vs. qualitative measurements of location, distance, and direction.

Scale

Refers to the size or scope of a phenomenon in geographic analysis.

Regions

Areas based on distinct characteristics, including formal, functional, and perceptual regions.

Population Densities

Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural measures of population distribution.

Ecumene

Permanently inhabitable land on Earth where most of the population resides.

Demographic Transition Model

Describes transitions in birth and death rates in developed countries.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

Focuses on the transition from infectious to chronic diseases in populations.

Malthusian Theory

Predicts overpopulation due to geometric population growth outpacing food production.

Boserupian Theory

Suggests that population growth stimulates technological advancements in food production.

Migration

Movement of people from one place to another due to various factors like economic, social, political, and environmental reasons.

Intervening Opportunity

Positive circumstances hindering migration, such as jobs closer to home.

Political Factors

Obstacles or opportunities related to government or politics, commonly faced by migrants today.

Refugees

Individuals without property or passports, fleeing persecution rather than poverty, traveling on foot or other means.

IDPs vs

IDPs are forced from their homes due to political reasons but stay within borders, while asylum seekers seek safety and a better life in a foreign country.

Forced Migration

Migrants compelled to leave, like victims of slavery or the Trail of Tears.

Ravenstain’s “Laws”

Migration linked to demographics, with women moving internally and men internationally, and young singles moving more than older married adults.

Temporary Status

Majority of US migrants are temporary, including students, professional workers, tourists, and lawful permanent residents.

Citizenship

Conferred on those born in the US, born to US citizens abroad, or lawful permanent residents who naturalize.

Migration Transition Model

Migration patterns change with industrialization, leading to international migration in high-population areas and temporary workers in low-population regions.

US Immigration

Involves xenophobia, nativism, and policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act, Immigration Act of 1924, and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.

Undocumented Immigration

Involves individuals entering the US without authorization or overstaying visas, with enforcement by ICE.

Relocation Diffusion

Migrants bring cultural traits like language, religion, and ethnicity, facing reluctance from natives, leading to acculturation, assimilation, or transculturation.

Culture

Shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society, including culture traits, ethnocentrism, and cultural relativism.

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Concentrations of people from the same cultural background in specific areas of major US cities, often established through chain migration.

Folk Culture

Traditional, homogeneous cultures like the Amish or Native Americans, transmitted orally and non-materialistically.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, based on correct behavior and the 5 relationships, mostly practiced in China.

Hinduism Cultural Landscape

Includes temples, crematoriums, and beliefs in reincarnation, with Varanasi and the Ganges River as sacred sites.

Judaism

Ancient religion of the Jewish people, with synagogues, the Western Wall, and sacred sites like Jerusalem.

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, with beliefs in the 4 Noble Truths and Nirvana, practiced in Mahayana and Theravada branches.

Christianity

Founded by Jesus and Paul of Tarsus, with monotheism and cultural landscapes like churches and cathedrals.

Islam

Founded by Mohammad, with the 5 pillars of faith, practiced in Sunni and Shiite branches, originating in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

The State

Defined by recognized borders, permanent population, organized government, and sovereignty.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, establishing the concept of state sovereignty.

Sovereignty

The right to control one's territory, establish boundaries, and borders.

Nation

A group of people united by ethnicity, language, religion, geography, and history, seeking to control a homeland.

Nation-state

Territory where one nation has sovereignty, like Japan and Iceland.

Self-determination

The right of a nation to control its own state, free from persecution.

Multi-nation State

A state with multiple nations, challenging to maintain like former Yugoslavia.

Irredentism

Desire of two nations in different states to unite, e.g., Anschluss in Nazi Germany.

Stateless Nation

A nation without sovereign territory, like the Palestinians or Kurds.

Autonomous Regions

Areas within a state with some freedom from the central government, e.g., China's regions.

Ethnic Cleansing

Mass removal of an ethnic minority, like in Rwanda or Myanmar.

Gerrymandering

Drawing political boundaries to favor a particular party, involving tactics like cracking and packing.

Geopolitics

Study of the effects of geography on politics and international relations, evolving from pre-WW1 to the 21st century.

Domestication

The process of taming wild animals or cultivating plants for human use.

Vertical Integration

A business model where a company controls multiple stages of production, from raw materials to distribution.

Primary Activities

Economic activities involving the extraction of raw materials from the earth.

Secondary Activities

Economic activities involving the manufacturing or processing of raw materials into products.

Quinary Activities

Economic activities involving high-level decision-making and specialized knowledge, such as research and development.

Township and Range

A system of land surveying used in the United States, dividing land into square townships for orderly development.

Bid-Rent Theory

The economic theory that explains how the price and demand for land change as the distance from the central business district increases.

Urban Sprawl

Unplanned, rapid expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural lands.

Urban Sustainability

Efforts to create cities that are environmentally friendly, socially equitable, and economically viable.

Central Place Theory

A geographical theory that explains the distribution of services in a region based on population and distance factors.

Urban Hierarchy

The ranking of cities based on the services they provide and their importance in the urban system.

Low-order Services

Services obtained regularly, such as those found in grocery stores.

High-order Services

Services required less frequently, such as professional sports teams.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of urban structure developed by EW Burgess, emphasizing the arrangement of cities in concentric rings based on wealth.

Sector Model

A model developed by Homer Hoyt, focusing on the arrangement of cities along transport corridors.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, where CBD is not the nucleus, and cities are arranged by suburban CBDs.

Galactic City Model

Developed by Chauncey Harry, focusing on edge cities as the new urban focus.

Squatter Settlements

Dense areas built illegally in developing countries, like Brazil's favelas.

Latin-American Model

Larry Ford and Ernest Griffin's model emphasizing the central plaza and the "Spine" in cities.

African Model

Developed by Harm de Blij, highlighting three CBDs and the arrangement of cities with slums far from the center.

Southeast Asian Model

Developed by TG McGee, combining concentric and sector models with a focus on old colonial port zones.

Greenbelts

Areas of open land around a city to prevent urban sprawl, commonly seen in European cities.

Urban Sustainability

Strategies like mixed land use, greenbelts, and infilling to promote sustainable urban development.

Racial Segregation

The unequal distribution of minorities in cities, often leading to environmental injustice and social disparities.

Deindustrialization

The decline of manufacturing jobs in developed countries, leading to a shift towards service-based economies.

Neoliberalism

Trade policies aimed at increasing global trade by reducing taxes and tariffs, favoring free markets over government intervention.

Gender Inequality Index

A measure of gender disparities based on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Microloans

Small loans provided to individuals, often women, to start small businesses and improve their standard of living.

Modernization Model

Developed by WW Rostow, promoting capitalism as a means for all countries to develop and rise out of poverty.

Core-Periphery Model

Immanuel Wallerstein's theory highlighting the interdependence of countries, categorizing them into core, periphery, and semi-periphery.

Neglects culture

Not all individuals aspire to be wealthy, and this aspect is often overlooked in economic analyses.

New International Division of Labor

The global economic system where the core countries rely on the periphery for cheap labor, while the periphery depends on the core for job opportunities.

Locations Models

Theoretical frameworks like Weber's, Hotelling's, and Losch's models used to understand the factors influencing the location of industries.

Weber's Model

Suggests that manufacturing plants will choose locations based on minimizing costs, including transportation, labor, and agglomeration.

Hotelling's Model

States that the location of an industry is interconnected with the presence of similar industries in the area.