Quiz #1 (2nd Semester)

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phylogeny

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Description and Tags

phylogeny "tree of life", prokaryotes, protists

122 Terms

1

phylogeny

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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2

taxonomy

ordered division and naming of organisms

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systematics

scientific discipline of classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships and history of different species

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4

carolus linnaeus

he published a system of taxonomy; named over 13,000 species or organisms; grouping into broad categories

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5

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Name the 8 major taxonomic groups from broad to narrow (largest to smallest)taxon

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6

taxon

a rank or group in a biological classification into which taxonomists classify related organisms.

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7

B

The various taxonomic levels (genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of

A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment.

B) their inclusiveness.

C) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each.

D) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms

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8

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Name the 3 domains of life

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9

genus

a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name

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10

specific epithet

species identifier, what group in the genus are we talking about?

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11

phylogenetic tree

a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships between taxa -- they can change all the time

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12

vertical or diagonal

what are the 2 different forms of phylogenetic trees

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13

branch point

this is the part of the phylogenetic tree where lineages diverge

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14

hatch marks

thie refers to traits that might have evolved from the past; homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark

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15

sister taxa

taxa that are each other’s closest relatives; share exclusive common ancestor

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16

basal taxa

1st thing to split off from the root (doesn’t usually split anymore)

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17

polytomy

an unresolved pattern of divergence

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18

cladistics

a system of constructing phylogenetic trees using shared characters and inferred common ancestry

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19

clade

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendents - monophyletic

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20

shared ancestral character

a character that originated in an ancestor prior to the clade of interest; ancestral state

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21

shared derived character

character that is novel to a particular clade (synapomorphy)

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22

ingroup

species or group of species being studied in a phylogenetic analysis

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23

outgroup

species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup but diverged before the ingroup

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24

parsimony

assumes fewest evolutionary changes over time

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25

maximum likelihood

includes likelihood of certain types of mutations and changes

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26

homology

similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa

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27

analogy

similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins.

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28

molecular clock

a method of estimating the date of past evolutionary events based on the amount of genetic change or divergence

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29

peptidoglycan

bacterial cell walls contain _____ a network of polysaccharides cross-linked by polypeptides

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30

taxis

ability to move toward/away from a stimulus

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31

chemotaxis

movement toward/away from a chemical stimulus

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32

phototaxis

movement toward/away light

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33

plasmids

small circular pieces of DNA

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34

rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination

What factors contribute to prokaryotic genetic variation?

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35

transformation

prokaryotic cell takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from environment

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36

transduction

movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

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37

conjugation

genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

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38

C

Which of these statements about prokaryotic genetics is true?

A) Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material.

B) Their genetic material is confined within vesicles known as plasmids.

C) They divide by binary fission without mitosis or meiosis. D) Genetic variation in bacteria is not present because of their asexual mode of reproduction.

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39

phototrophs

obtain energy from light

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40

chemotrophs

obtain energy from chemicals and organic molecules are obtained

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41

autotrophs

require CO2 as a carbon source

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42

heterotrophs

require organic nutrients to make organic compounds

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43

obligate aerobes

require O2

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44

obligate anaerobes

poisoned by O2

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45

facultative anaerobes

can survive with or without O2, but grow best with O2

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46

aerotolerant

can survive with or without O2 and show no difference in growth with or without O2

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47

extremophiles

extreme environments

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48

halophiles

live in highly saline environments

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49

thermophiles

thrive in very hot environments

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50

methanogens

live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product

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51

bacterial species concept

genomic and phenotypic consistency

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52

gram-positive

bacteria have simpler cell walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan; have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and appear purple as it absorbs a lot of dye; circular shape

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53

gram-negative

bacteria have less peptidoglycan; have two cell membranes with walls in between; thin layer of peptidoglycan; appear pink as it absorbs less dye; elongated, rod tubular shape

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54

symbiosis

ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact, a larger host and smaller symbiont

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55

mutualism

both symbiotic organisms benefit

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56

commensalism

one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other

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57

parasitism

one organism (the parasite) harms its host

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58

decomposers

organism that breaks down dead organic material

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59

endosymbiotic theory

a class of hypotheses that view various organelles in eukaryotic cells as descendants of endosymbionts

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60

prokaryotes

these cause about half of all human diseases

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61

B

In general, what is the primary role of prokaryotes when considering the overall flow of chemicals and matter through ecosystems?

A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases

B) breaking down organic matter

C) metabolizing materials in extreme environments

D) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

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62

host

a living organism that acts as a harbour for invading pathogenic organisms.

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63

symbiont

any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

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64

spherical, rod-shaped, spiral

what are the three different bacteria shapes?

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65

parasite

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

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66

monophyletic group

includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

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67

paraphyletic group

includes an ancestor and some of its descendants (but not all)

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polyphyletic group

includes organisms that may show some sort of similarity but share more recent common ancestry with other taxa; this similarity is usually due to convergent evolution, not homology; these groups do not include the common ancestor of the taxa involved

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69

paraphyletic

What kind of group are prokaryotes?

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70

Carl Woese

Who introduced the 3 domain system in 1977?

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71

paraphyletic

What kind of group is protists?

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72

protists

single-celled eukaryotes are collectively referred to as ____ (also includes some colonial and multicellular species)

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73

mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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74

Excavata, ‘SAR’ clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

Name the four ‘Supergroups’ of eukaryotes

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75

B

All protists are: A) unicellular B) eukaryotic C) symbionts D) monophyletic

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76

excavates

What supergroup?

  • includes the diplomonads, parabasalids and euglenozoans

  • characterized by:

    • reduced mitochondria

    • unique crystalline rod in flagella

    • ‘excavated’ feeding tube

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77

kinetoplastids and euglenids

What are the two subgroups of the excavate euglenozoans

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78

stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians

What are the 3 subgroups of SAR?

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79

stramenopiles

What SAR subgroup?

  • Have 2 flagella

    • A “hairy” flagellum

    • a “smooth” flagellum

  • Has 4 subgroups

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80

diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes

What are the 4 subgroups of SAR stramnopiles?

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81

diatoms

unicellular algae with a two-part glass-like wall of silicon dioxide; photosynthetic

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82

golden algae

photosynthetic subgroup of SAR stramenopiles

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83

brown algae

large, complex multicellular structures (“seaweeds”, kelp); photosynthetic

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84

oomycetes

water molds; decomposers/parasites

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85

alveolates

What SAR subgroup?

  • membrane-bounded sacs, called alveoli under the plasma membrane (function unknown)

    • has 3 subgroups

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86

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

What are the three subgroups of SAR alveolates?

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87

dinofagellates

What SAR alveolate?

  • two flagella, and plates of cellulose armor for protection

  • coral symbionts

  • cause of harmful “red tides”

    • brevetoxins

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88

apicomplexians

What SAR alveolate?

  • almost all are parasitic

  • have complex organelles at their apical end for entering cells

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89

ciliates

What SAR alveolate?

  • have cilia on their surface that help them move and feed

  • many are predators

  • have large “macronuclei” and smaller “micronuclei”

    • Can engage in a type of sexual exchange of genes by swapping micronuclei

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90

rhizarians

What SAR subgroup?

  • mainly amoboid

    • move and feed by thread-like pseudopodia

  • Has 3 subgroups

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91

pseudopodia

used in movement and as a tool to capture prey or obtain required nutrition.

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92

radiolarians, foraminiferans, cercozoans

What are the three subgroups of SAR rhizarians?

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93

radiolarians

What SAR rhizarian subgroup?

  • internal skeletons of silica

  • radiating pseudopodia capture small microorganisms and cytoplasmically stream them to the center of the cell

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94

foraminiferans

What SAR rhizarian subgroup?

  • porous multichambered calcium carbonate shells called tests

  • pseudopodia extend through the pores of test

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95

archaeplastida

What supergroup?

  • Defining characteristic – photosynthetic due to a cyanobacterial endosymbiont (i.e. chloroplasts)

  • has 3 subgroups

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96

red algae, green algae, land plants

3 subgroups of archaeplastida

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97

B

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae species...

A) are heterotrophs.

B) are unicellular.

C) have alternation of generations.

D) have cell walls containing cellulose.

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98

unikonta

what supergroup?

  • defining characteristic - DNA evidence

  • 2 subgroups

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99

amoebozoans and opisthokonts

What are the two subgroups of Unikonta?

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100

amoebozoans

what unikonta subgroup?

  • lobed-shaped pseudopodia

  • includes slime molds which display very unique life-cycles

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