Bio Chapter 7 - Cell Functions

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Lesson 7.1 - Intro To Cellular Life

Study - New Technology allowed people to study the ==movement== and ==structure== of cells

Microscopes:

• Electron microscopes reveal details @@1000 times bigger@@ than visible in light microscopes
• Transmission electron microscopes are used to show $cell structure$ and $large protein molecules$. Electrons go through and need to be %%cut into slices%%
• Scanning ^^electron^^ microscopes ^^create 3D images^^. Electrons bounce off of and ^^do not have to be cut^^ into small slices

Prokaryotes + Eukaryotes:

• Types of ==Cells== Include:   * Bacteria, @@plants@@, animals, fungi, protists
• All Cells Include:   * Cell $Membrane$   * %%Cytoplasm%%   * ^^Ribosomes^^   * ==DNA==
• @@Prokaryotes@@:   * Genetic material $not contained$   * No %%membrane-bound organelles%%   * ^^Smaller^^ than eukaryotic cells   * ==Bacteria==
• @@Eukaryotes@@:   * DNA is $stored in the nucleus$   * %%Long%% and %%complex%%   * Contain ^^dozens of structures and internal membranes^^   * Highly ==specialized==   * @@Plants, animals, fungi, protists@@
• $<em>Discovery</em>$ of Cells   * %%James Hooke%% coined the term “cell”   * He was attempting to study ^^cork^^   * Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms in ==pond water under a microscope==   * Matthias Scheider concluded that all plant tissue is made of cells and that cells are a @@basic unit of life@@   * Theodore Schwann concluded that $all animal tissue is made of cells$
• %%Properties%% of Cells/Cell Theory   * All organisms consist of ^^1 or more cells^^   * Cells are the ==basic unit of life== and ==structure== of all organisms   * All cells come from @@preexisting@@ cells

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Lesson 7.2 - Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• Eukaryotic $<em>Cell Structures:</em>$   * Organelles: %%Preform cell functions%%   * 2 Parts: ^^Nucleus + Cytoplasm^^   * Cytoplasm is ==outside the nucleus==
• @@Plant@@ Cell:

• $<em>Animal</em>$ Cell:

• %%Endomembrane%% System:   * Nucleus - ^^Holds instructions^^   * Ribosomes - ==Build==   * ER - @@Shape@@   * Golgi - $Modify/Sort/Package$   * Vesicles - %%Ships%%
• ^^Nucleus^^:   * ==Control== center   * Holds @@instructions for making proteins@@   * Surrounded by $2 nuclear envelopes$   * Envelopes contain %%pores that only RNA can pass through%%   * Granular material in the nucleus - ^^Chromatin^^   * Chromatin - ==made of RNA and protein==   * When a cell divides, @@chromatin condenses to become chromosomes@@. These contain @@genetic info@@   * The $nucleolus$ only holds info to $make more ribosomes$
• %%Ribosomes%%:   * Small particles of ^^RNA and protein^^ found ^^freely throughout the cytoplasm^^   * Create proteins in “==Protein Synthesis==”     * Follow @@instructions from the nucleus and RNA@@
• $<em>ER</em>$:   * %%Rough%% ER (%%Part of protein synthesis%%) + %%Smooth%% ER (%%Not%% part of protein synthesis)   * ^^Ribsomones^^ on Rough ER are ^^found on the surface^^   * ==Rough== ER - ==Proteins are assembled== on ribosomes   * @@Smooth@@ ER- Creates @@lipids@@ and @@detoxifies@@ drugs
• $<em>Golgi</em>$ Apparatus:   * Proteins are %%moved from ER to Golgi%%   * ^^Modifies, Sorts, and Packages^^ proteins   * Sends to ==vesicles== which send to their ==necessary location==
• Making @@Proteins@@:

1. $Nucleus$
2. Nuclear %%Pore%%
3. ^^Ribosome^^
4. ==Protein==
5. @@Rough@@ ER
6. $Golgi$ Body
7. %%Vesicle%%
8. Cell ^^Membrane^^ + to a ^^new location^^

• ==Lysosomes==:   * Small @@organelles filled with enzymes@@   * Break down $lipids, carbs, and proteins$ into things that can be $used by the rest of the cell$   * %%Breaks down organelles%% that %%no longer have a use%%   * ^^“Trash/Recycle”^^
• ==Vacuoles==:   * @@Saclike@@ structures   * Store $water, salts, proteins, and carbs$   * Holds %%pigments + toxins as defense mechanisms%%   * In ^^plant^^ cells - the ^^central vacuole is filled with liquid^^ that is used for ^^photosynthesis^^ + helps the ^^plant stand upright^^   * ==Unicellular== Organisms - ==filled with water== and have a ==pump to help from exploding==
• @@Mitochondria@@:   * $Convert energy from food$ into $compounds$ that can be $used more conveniently$ by the rest of the cell   * Enclosed by %%2 membranes%%   * More ^^folds^^ = more ^^surface area^^ = more ^^energy^^ = more ^^ATP^^
• ==Choloplasts==:   * Capture @@energy from the sun@@ and @@convert it into chemical energy@@   * $Photosynthesis$   * Surronded by %%2 membranes%%   * Contain ^^chlorophyll^^
• ==Cytoskeleton==:   * Gives @@eukaryotic cells their shape@@   * A network of $protein filaments$   * Also involved in %%cell movement%%
• ^^Microfilaments^^:   * ==Thread-like== structures made of the ==protein actin==   * Make @@extensive networks in cells@@   * Make a $tough, flexible framework that supports the cell$   * Helps %%move cells%%
• ^^Microtubules^^:   * ==Hollow structures== that are made up of the ==protein tubulins==   * Help @@maintain cell shape@@   * Helps $cells divide (mitosis+meosis)$   * Build %%projections from the cell surface%% that enable %%cells to swim rapidly through liquids%%   * ^^Centrioles^^ are also formed from ^^tubulins^^   * These are ==located near the nucleus== and help ==organize cell division==

Lesson 7.3 - Cell Boundaries

• All cells have a @@thin, flexible barrier@@ known as the @@cell membrane@@
• $Plants, fungi, bacteria + some protist$ cells also produce a $stronger layer$ known as a $cell wall$   * The %%main function%% of the cell wall is to %%provide support and protection%% for the cell   * ^^No movement^^ - extra ^^padding^^   * Also ==attacks bacteria==   * Lies @@outside the cell membrane@@   * $Porous$ enough to $allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances$ to easily pass through
• Cell %%Membrane%%   * Regulates what ^^enters and exits the cell^^   * Provides ==support and protection== for the cell

• The composition of @@nearly all cell membranes@@ is made of a @@double-layered sheet@@ called a @@lipid bilayer@@   * Gives a $flexible structure$ that forms a $barrier between a cell and its surroundings$   * Contains %%protein molecules%% embedded in the %%lipid bilayer,%% some of which have %%carb molecules attached to them%%
• ^^Diffusion^^ Through Cell Boundaries   * Every ==cell== lives in a ==liquid environment==   * The @@cell membrane regulates@@ the @@movement of diffusion@@ from the liquid on @@one side of the membrane to another@@   * Particles tend to $move from areas of high concentration to low concentration$   * This is the %%process of diffusion%%   * This will continue until a ^^state of equilibrium is reached^^

• ==Passive== Transport   * Depends upon @@random particle movements@@   * Substances diffuse across membranes $without using energy$   * This is called %%passive transport%%
• ^^Osmosis^^   * Diffusion of ==water== through a ==selectively permeable membrane==   * Water - @@solvent@@ - what is @@doing the dissolving@@

• $<em>Levels</em>$ of Concentration   * %%Water%% diffuses from %%areas of high to low concentration%%   * ^^More concentrated^^ solution - ^^Hypertonic^^   * Area of ==high concentration==     * Water with @@more sugar present@@   * $Less$ concentrated solution - $Hypotonic$   * Area of %%low concentration%%     * Water with ^^less sugar present^^   * Water with ==equal parts sugar and water==     * @@Isotonic@@   * Osmosis is $only concerned with water and its’ levels$   * Particles %%never stop moving,%% as they must always %%work to maintain homeostasis%%
• Osmotic ^^Pressure^^   * Occurs when ==water on the hypertonic side puts pressure on the membrane==   * The @@cell@@ is almost always @@hypertonic to fresh water@@   * If a $cell has too much water,$ it is at risk of $exploding or bursting$ (which leads to the $death of the cell)$   * Cells in %%large organisms%% and with %%cell walls%% are much %%less likely to burst%%
• ^^Facilitated^^ Diffusion   * Membranes contain ==integral proteins== that can ==assist in the movement of larger particles==   * The @@use of these proteins@@ is called f@@acilitated diffusion@@   * Protein $channels$ are $specific to certain particles only$   * Ex. %%Glucose Transport%% - Only for %%glucose%%   * ^^Fast^^ and ^^Specific^^   * Still ==considered diffusion==   * Only occurs from @@high to low concentration@@
• $<em>Active</em>$ Diffusion   * Occurs when materials have to %%move from areas of low to high concentration%%   * ^^Against^^ the ^^concentration difference^^   * Requires ==energy==     * Ex. @@Stuffing things into a closet@@
• $<em>Molecular</em>$ Transport   * Small molecules are %%carried by proteins%%   * Allows movement from ^^low to high^^   * Requires ==energy==
• @@Large Particle@@ Transport   * Occurs when $particles are too large to be carried by proteins$   * %%Active%% transport
• ^^Endocytosis^^   * Process of ==taking material into the cell by means of pockets of the cell membrane==   * A @@vacuole@@ is formed around the material that @@works to bring it into the cell@@   * This $vacuole is from the cell membrane$
• %%Phagocytosis%%   * The ^^process of cytoplasm surrounding food^^   * This is then ==engulfed by the cell==   * Requires @@energy@@     * $Collect$     * $Pinch Off$     * $Turns to Vesicle$     * $Engulfed by Cell$
• %%Pinocytosis%%   * The process of ^^cytoplasm surrounding waste^^   * This is then ==removed from the cell==   * Requires @@energy@@     * $Collect$     * $Pinch Off$     * $Turns to Vesicle$     * $Released$
• %%Exocytosis%%   * The ^^release of waste from a cell^^   * Cell membrane ==fuses with waste from inside the cell==   * Then @@removes it from the cell@@   * Requires $energy$

Lesson 7.4 - Diversity of Cellular Life

• %%Unicellular%% Organisms   * Made of ^^only 1 cell^^   * ==Dominate life on Earth== because so ==many of them can fit== per any given space ==compared to multi==   * Includes: @@All bacteria@@ cells, @@certain eukaryotic organisms@@ (yeast + amebas)
• $<em>Multicellular</em>$ Organisms   * Made of %%many cells%%   * ^^Great variety^^ in these cells   * Includes: ==All plant cells, all animal cells, most fungus cells, some protist cells==
• @@Specialized Animal@@ Cells   * $Red blood$ cells $transport oxygen$   * Cells in the %%pancreas produce a protein%% (endomembrane systems)   * ^^Muscle^^ cells ^^allow for movement^^
• ==Specialized Plant== Cells   * Exchange @@carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor,@@ and other gases through @@stomata@@   * $Guard cells$ surround the stomata and $regulate the exchanges$
• %%Levels%% of Organization   * ^^Individual^^ Cells - 1st level of organization   * ==Tissues== - ==Cells are grouped== and create these     * A @@group of similar cells that perform a particular function@@   * $Organ$   * $Organ Systems$   * $Organism$   * Ex. %%Muscle cell > Smooth muscle tissue > Stomach > Digestive System%%
• Types of ^^Tissue (Animals)^^   * ==Muscle - Moves==   * @@Skin - Epithelial@@   * $Nervous - Neurons$   * %%Connective - Ligaments/Cartlidge%%
• ^^Organs (Animals)^^   * Groups of ==tissues that work together to perform a specific function==   * Completes a @@series of specialized tasks@@   * Work $together to create organ systems$     * %%Nervous System%%     * %%Circulatory System%%     * %%Skeletal System%%     * %%Digestive System%%

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