Demography

Birth rate

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year. Since 1990 been declining, England and wales had 28.7 that year, but in 2015, now 12.2.

The fertility rate (reason for birth rate)

The average number of children a woman will have during their fertile years. Declining as more women remaining childless than past, and woman post poning having children

Changes in women’s position (reasons for decline in birth rate)

Girls now do better at school than boys, so get better careers and don’t have children as they are more career focused. Changes in attitudes to family life and women’s roles, easier access to contraception.Harper - Due to more educated women

Decline in infant mortality rate ( reasons for change in birth rate)

The number of babies who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year. More infants surviving so parents have less children (Harper). Better housing, sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of children, improved services.

Children now economic liability (Reasons for decline in birth rate)

Children don’t go to work anymore, as laws banned child labour, and have to go to school. And changing norms, meaning children spent more on

Child centredness (reasons for decline in birth rate)

‘Quality over quantity’ meaning parents have less children

The family (effects of changing fertility)

Smaller families mean women can now work, creating dual earner family and childless families.

The dependency ratio (effects of changing fertility)

The relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the non working or dependant part of the population. Reduces dependency as children make up a big part of dependency, e.g with child funds etc. But also increases the elderly dependency, as less young adults to fund.

Public services and policies (effects of changing fertility)

Fewer schools and maternity services needed. But government can counter this e.g smaller class sizes.

Death rate

Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. Tranter- Decline in rate is due to less deaths to diseases

Improved nutrition (Reaaons for decline in death rate)

McKeown - Accounts for half of fall of death rates. increases resistance to infection, and survival of those who did become infected.

Medical improvements (Reasons for decline in death rates)

Introduction of antibiotics, blood transfusions, vaccinations etc. and nhs in 1948.

Smoking and diet (Reasons for decline in death rate)

Harper - Greatest reason for decline in death rates. Less cancer, breathing issues, lest cost of life.

Public health measures (Reasons for decline in death rates)

more effective government to pass and enforce laws. Improvement in housing, purer drinking water, laws for chemicals in food and improved sewage disposal.

Life expectancy

How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live. due to the same reasons as death rates ngl

The ageing population

Average age of ppl in UK is rising. In 1971 it was 34.1, 2013 it was 40.3. In 2037, projected to be 42.8. Due to increasing life expectancy, decreasing infant mortality, and declining fertility.

Public services (effects of an ageing population)

Older people consume larger services, such as healthcare, transport, social care. This may mean changes in policies

One-person pensioner households (effects of an ageing population)

Now just one old person living alone.

The dependency ratio (effects of an ageing population)

The elderly are more dependent. Who need to be provided for through pensions. In 2015, 3.2 working age people for every once pensioner. Predicted to fall to 2.8 by 2033. also ageism, negative stereotyping.

Migration

Immigration - movement in a society. Emigration - movement out. Net migration - Difference between number of immigrant and emigrants.

Immigration

More ethically diverse society, previously were Irish and Jews in 1900 up the Second World War, then loads of different ethnicities.

The impact of migration on the population structure

Uk population size is growing, net migration is high, e.g 2014, 260000, 323000 emigrants, 583000 immigrants. Also lowers average age, immigrants are generally younger, and produce babies. (Directly + indirectly). Evens out dependency ratio as immigrants are usually working age. But increases dependency as they have children .

Globalisation and migration

People are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries. In 2013, accelerated migration by 33%.

Differentiation (Globalisation and migration)

Different types of migrants, temporary, permanent, spouses, refugees. Vertovec - super diversity, how come from wider range of countries and ethnic groups.

The feminisation of migration

Almost half of all global migrants are female.Ehrenreich and Hochschild observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is done by women migrants.