Human A&P Final - Kidneys and Digestive System

proteins

urea is a breakdown product of…

creatinine

a natural byproduct of muscle metabolism

creatinine; BUN

this is filtered and secreted; this is filtered and then reabsorbed

Rate of Excretion/Rate of Filtration

fractional excretion rate formula

outside of the body

the digestive system is considered to be on the…

motility

the movement of food through the digestive tract

ingestion

taking food into the mouth

mastication

chewing the food and mixing it with saliva

deglutition

swallowing

peristalsis

rhythmic, wavelike contractions throughout different segments of the digestive tract move food through

water, hydrochloric acid, bicarbonate, and many digestive enzymes

exocrine secretions

hormones that regulate the digestive system

endocrine secretions

digestion

the breakdown of food molecules into their smaller subunits

absorption

passage of digested food

immune barrier

the layer of simple columnar epithelium the provides a physical barrier to pathological organisms and their toxins

1. alimentary canal

2. accessory organs

2 things the digestive system consists of

alimentary canal

main tube from mouth to anus

1. salivary glands

2. liver

3. gallbladder

4. bile ducts

5. pancreas

5 accessory organs of the digestive system

1. oral cavity

2. pharynx

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. duodenum

5 parts of the upper GI

1. jejunum

2. ileum

3. large intestine

4. rectum

5. anus

5 parts of the lower division of the digestive system

1. liver

2. gallbladder

3. pancreas

3 hepatobiliary system parts

peritoneum

large serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

outer layer

the parietal peritoneum is the…

inner layer

the visceral peritoneum is the…

peritoneal cavity

space between the two layers

greater omentum

a large, apron-like fold that hangs down from the stomach

lesser omentum

smaller fold that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

mesentery

a double-layer peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall with blood vessels/nerves supplying the intestinal wall

mucosa

layer lining the lumen

1. absorption

2. secretion

2 functions of the mucosa

submucosa

layer of connective tissue containing many blood and lymph vessels as well as glands and nerves

muscularis externa

responsible for contractions and peristalsis; gives nerve supply to the muscles

vocal cords

epiglottis covers the…

posterior

the esophagus is what, positionally, to the trachea

diaphragm

the esophagus passes through what organ

1. store food

2. digest protein

3. kill bacteria with acid

4. empty food into small intestine

5. secrete intrinsic factor

functions of the stomach (5)

rugae

visible folds lining the inside of the stomach that can expand as the stomach stretches

gastric pits

microscopic folds lined by glands that secrete substances into the stomach

1. goblet cells

2. parietal cells

3. chief cells

4. enterochromaffin-like cells

5. G cells

6. D cells

6 cell types in the gastric pit glands

H+/K+/ATPase pump

the secretion of HCl occurs via the…

histamine

secreted by enterochromaffin-like cells

gastrin

secreted from G cells

acetylcholine

HCl secretion is stimulated by…

pepsinogen

secreted by chief cells

partially digested; not digested

proteins are what in the stomach; carbs and fats are what in the stomach

small intestine

very few substances are absorbed in the stomach, most are absorbed in the…

1. aspirin

2. alcohol

3. caffeine

3 things that can be absorbed from the stomach

small intestine

pyloric sphincter empties into the…

small intestine

the longest part of the GI tract

cecum

ileum empties into the…

ileocecal valve

when the ileum empties into the cecum, it is through the…

duodenum and jejunum

most nutrients, calcium, and iron are absorbed in the…

ileum

bile salts, B12, water, and sodium/potassium are absorbed mostly in the…

villus

fingerlike fold of mucosa that projects into the lumen

crypt

cell from the top of the villi shed and are replaced by the cells below that migrate up from the base

microvillus

made of small folds within the cell membranes

segmentation

contractions occur in multiple locations to help segment and better digest the bolus

interstitial cells of cajal

pace the intestinal contractions; neither neurons or muscles (their own subtype of cells)

slow-wave potentials

ICCs produce…

increases motility

parasympathetic system does what

decreases motility

sympathetic system does what

Peyer’s patches

lymphoid tissue found in the distal part of the small intestines

1. cecum

2. ascending colon

3. transverse colon

4. descending colon

5. sigmoid colon

large intestine consists of the…

haustra

outward bulging pouches

teniae coli

ribbons of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon

epiploic appendages

may provide cushioning in the large intestine

absorption of water, electrolytes, and B and K vitamins

large intestine main function

1. mucus

2. paneth cells

3. immune cells

4. secretion of IgA antibodies

5. gut bacteria

5 parts of the gut immune system

internal; external

which sphincter is under involuntary control; which sphincter is under voluntary control

liver

largest internal organ

falciform ligament

connects liver to anterior abdominal wall

ligamentum teres hepatis

formed after separation of the umbilical cord (part of umbilical vein)

hepatic artery

provides liver with oxygen

portal vein

brings blood coming from digestive system into liver so liver can filter it

hepatic vein

central vein in each lobule of liver

1. hepatic artery

2. portal vein

3. bile duct

portal triad is made up of…

1. emulsify gats

2. secrete bilirubin

2 functions of bile

1. excretion in the bile

2. phagocytosis by Kupffer cells

3. chemical alteration in the hepatocytes

detoxification can occur by…

pancreas releases insulin

high blood sugar causes the…

pancreas releases glucagon

low blood sugar causes the…

albumin

binds to lipid soluble substances and transports them in blood, creates oncotic pressure to pull fluid back into capillaryclot

clotting factors

allow for a blood clot to stabilize

other proteins

angiotensinogen, lipoproteins, thyroid binding globulin, and transferrin

stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver

main function of the gallbladder

biliary tree

both bile and pancreatic enzymes travel through the…

pancreas

a soft, glandular organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions located behind the stomach

acinar cells

secrete exocrine signals into pancreatic ducts

islets of langerhans

contain many cell types that secrete endocrine hormones

alpha cells

secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels drop

beta cells

secrete insulin when serum glucose levels increase

delta cells

secrete somatostatin, which inhibits insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone

inactive while in the pancreas

so that the pancreas does not digest itself, most enzymes are…

zymogen

an inactive substance that is converted into an active enzyme by another enzyme

1. pancreatic amylase

2. trypsin

3. lipase

main pancreatic enzymes

pacemaker cells

some GI motility and secretion is automatic and controlled by…

1. cephalic phase

2. gastric phase

3. intestinal phase

phases of gastric regulation

1. somatostatin

2. secretin

3. cholecystokinin

4. glucagon-like peptide

inhibitory hormones of the intestinal stage

slowly

after a fatty meal, the stomach empties more…

enteric nervous system

the nervous system of the digestive system; consists of groups of intestinal neurons in 2 interconnected plexuses

autonomic

the enteric nervous system is…