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nucleoside
nitrogenous base + sugar, found in nucleotides
nucleotide
“monomers” that make up poly______________; made up of a phosphate group, a pentose (5-carbon sugar), and a nitrogenous base
nucleoside + phosphate group
polynucleotides
“polymers” are called
nitrogenous base
pyrimidines and purines are these
pyrimidine
single six-membered ring; cytosine, thymine, uracil
purines
six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; adenine, guanine
sugars
deoxyribose is found in DNA, while ribose is found in RNA
phosphodiester bonds
nucleotides are joined covalently this way, the hydroxyl (OH) group on the 3’ carbon joins to the phosphate on the 5’ carbon to the other nucleotide
antiparallel
2 backbones run opposite 5’ → 3’ and 3’ → 5’ in the other direction, known as _____________
grffith
transformation principle; scientist
avery, mccarty, macleod
transformation from dna; scientists
hershey and chase
used bacteriophage to find DNA is inheritable; scientists
chargaff
every organisms DNA must have an equal number of TA and GC bases, also known as ________’s rule; scientist
wilkins and franklin
first photo of DNA, photo 51; scientists
watson and circk
DNA has to be in the order of pyrimidine→purine… double helix, antiparallel strands, 5’→3’ and 3’→5’; scientists
messelsm and stahl
DNA is semi-conservative and contains an old strand and a new strand; scientists
hydrogen bonds
there are:
2 ____________ found A→T
3 ____________ found G→C