Joints
structures in the skeleton where two or more bones join together
Fibrous Joints
fibrous connective tissue tightly binds the articulation bones
Types of Fibrous Joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Suture
joint between two flat bones
Syndesmosis
bands of fibrous tissue that bind bones
Gomphosis
fibrous membrane that connects each tooth to its socket in a jaw's alveolar process
Example of syndesmosis
between tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
formed when a mass of cartilage joins bones
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
synchondrosis, symphisis
Synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage that connects bones
Example of synchondrosis
costal cartilage connection between a rib and the sternum
Symphysis
fibrocartilage that forms the joint
Example of symphysis
symphysis pubis, joining left and right coxae, or between bodies of vertebrae
Synovial Joints
diarthrotic (freely moveable joints) composed of ligaments and other connective structures and lined with a lubricating synovial membrane
Types of Synovial Joints
gliding, hinge, ellipsoid (condyloid), pivot, saddle, ball-and-socket
Gliding
two flat surfaces that slide past eachother
Example of gliding
between two carpal bones
Hinge
two bones joined so that they can move in one plane only
Example of hinge
elbow or knee
Ellipsoid
oval condyle that fits into an oval fossa allowing movement in two planes
Example of ellipsoid
between metatarsals and phalanges of the foot
Pivot
one bone that pivots on the axis of another, allowing rotation
Example of pivot
atlas and axis
Saddle
two saddle-shaped processes that fit together to allow movement in two planes
Example of saddle
between the thumb's metatarsal and the trapezium of the wrist.
Ball-and-Socket
a ball-shaped process that fits into a rounded fossa, allowing almost unrestricted movement
Example of ball-and-socket
between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
Getting Help Prepares Every Student Better
gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball-and-socket- synovial joints
Flexion
decreasing the angle of a joint
Extension
increasing the angle of a joint
Hyperextension
moving a joint beyond its normal range
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward (superiorly)
Plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground ( inferiorly)
Protraction
moving a part anteriorly (front) along a horizontal plane
Retraction
moving a part backward
Abduction
movement away from the midline
Adduction
moving an appendage's distal end toward the midsaggital plane
Inversion
turning inward
Eversion
turning outward
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end-cone shaped sweep
Rotation
moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or axle
Pronation
turning the palm downward
Supination
palm facing up
Elevation
raising a body part
Depression
lowering a body part
Saggital plane movements
flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, protraction, retraction
Frontal (corronal) plane movements
abduction, adduction, inversion, eversion
Circular movements
circumduction, rotation, pronation, supination
Special movements
elevation and depression