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The Significance of the Indian Ocean in global trade before Columbus.
The Indian Ocean served as a crossroads for commercial and cultural exchange between China, India, Japan,the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, facilitating trade and interaction among these regions.
How did the Mongol emperors influence European trade with China?
The Mongol emperors opened the doors of China to the West, encouraging Europeans like Marco Polo to engage in business and trade with China.
Define the role of Admiral Zheng He in Chinese exploration.
Admiral Zheng He led seven major voyages from 1405 to 1433, involving hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of men, significantly expanding China's maritime influence.
Explain the impact of China's shift away from external trade on European exploration.
China's withdrawal from external trade due to the need to defend against Mongol encroachment created opportunities for Europeans to establish themselves as key players in global trade.
What was the economic significance of India in the global trading system?
India was a crucial link in trade networks, contributing valuable goods such as spices and cotton textiles, which were in high demand globally.
How did the Ottoman Empire's expansion affect European trade routes?
In 1453, the Ottomans captured Constantinople, Turkey and renamed it Istanbul. This stopped European access to the silk road by land, forcing them to find a sea route.
Describe the role of Venice and Genoa in Mediterranean trade during the 15th century.
Venice specialized in luxury goods and established trade relations with Mamluk Egypt, while Genoa shifted focus from trade to finance, aiding Spanish colonization in exchange for profit shares.
What motivated European expansion in the 15th century?
Gold, God, and Glory.The revival of population and economic activity, demand for luxury goods, religious fervor from the Reconquista, and a desire for glory and profit motivated European expansion.
How did the Black Death influence European economic activity?
The aftermath of the Black Death led to a revival of population and economic activity in Europe, increasing the demand for luxury goods from the East. People didn’t want to return to the despair and dreariness of the Black Death.
Describe the role of Prince Henry the Navigator in Portuguese exploration.
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal was particularly enthusiastic in his financial support for expeditions, sponsoring annual voyages down the western coast of Africa.
How did competition among European monarchs influence exploration in the late fifteenth century?
Competition among European monarchs encouraged a steady stream of expeditions as nations sought to expand their territories and influence.
Caravel
a small, light, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese, significant for its ability to hold much cargo and withstand rough Atlantic winds.
What technological advancements aided sailors during the Age of Exploration?
Technological advancements such as the magnetic compass for navigation, the astrolabe for plotting latitude, and sturdier ships (caravel) improved maritime exploration.
Summarize Portuguese expeditions to the Indian Ocean.
Prince Henry the Navigator sailed around the northwest coast of Africa, Bartholomew Dias finished sailing around the entirety of west Africa, and Vasco de Gama sailed all around Africa to India.
What was the significance of Vasco De Gama’s expedition?
made it around the cape of good hope in Africa in 1494, landed near India, creating a complete water route to the Indial silk and spice trade for Portugal. He helped take control of port cities through cannon bombardment and diplomacy.
How did Columbus's ambitions reflect the trade dynamics of his time?
embodied a Genoese ambition to circumvent Venetian domination of eastward trade by seeking a westward passage to the Indies.
What misconception did Columbus have upon landing in the Bahamas?
believed he had found small islands off the east coast of Japan when he landed in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador.
When was Columbus’s 1st journey to the new world?
1492
How did Amerigo Vespucci contribute to the understanding of the New World?
realized that the 'New World' was a separate continent from Asia based on Marco Polo’s differing descriptions of Asia. This contributed to the understanding of the geography of the Americas, and started the rush to the Americas as an untapped “goldmine” for European nations.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean, granting Spain everything to the west and Portugal everything to the east.
How did Pedro Alvares Cabral contribute to Portuguese claims in the New World?
In 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral landed on the coast of Brazil and claimed it as Portuguese territory, benefiting from the division established by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Define the role of Ferdinand Magellan in maritime exploration.
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese mariner who sought a direct sea route to the Moluccas and is known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, significantly expanding European knowledge of the world.
Explain the impact of Magellan's voyage on European understanding of geography.
His voyage around south america revolutionized Europeans' understanding by demonstrating that the Earth was much larger than previously believed, altering perceptions of global geography.
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who found the st. Lawrence river and tried to use it to find a northwest passage to China.His exploration failed, but in Montreal it initiated a lucrative trade in beaver and other furs for the French.
Discuss Hernando Cortés's strategy in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
exploited internal dissension within the Aztec Empire’s smaller nations after founding Vera Cruz, which allowed him to make the empire collapse from the inside out through an allied rebellion
How did Francisco Pizarro's conquer the Inca Empire?
Spanish explorer ambushed the Incas in 1532, captured their ruler Atahualpa, collected a ransom in gold, and executed him, leading to the downfall of the Inca Empire.
Roanoke
Failed virginia colony in 1585
Jamestown
Founded in 1607, was the first successful English colony in America, known for producing tobacco, which became a valuable commodity in Europe.
Plymouth Massachussetts
Puritans seeking to flee the Catholic church fled to the new world and established this colony in 1620.
Samuel de Champlain
founded first permanent french settlement in Quebec
What was the european order of colonization from first to last?
Portugal, Spain, England, France, Dutch(Netherlands)
La Salle
french explorer who travelled the mississippi river and opened the way for french occupation of the Louisiana territory
What were the consequences of French ambitions in North America during the 17th century?
French ambitions led to competition with the English, culminating in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), resulting in France losing Canada and Louisiana but retaining profitable colonies in the West Indies.
How did King Charles III reform the Spanish colonial administration?
King Charles III introduced the system of intendants, who were royal officials with broad military, administrative, and financial authority, responsible directly to the monarchy in Madrid rather than the viceroy.
Define the encomienda system and its implications for indigenous peoples.
The encomienda system allowed conquerors to employ Native Americans as laborers or demand tribute in exchange for food and shelter, effectively creating a legalized form of slavery. Conquistadores were also required to convert natives to catholicism as part of their obligation to the crown.
What ravaged indigenous populations in the new world?
smallpox, typhus, influenza, and syphilis
Jesuits
missionaries who converted indigenous people to Christianity, taught European agricultural methods, and instilled loyalty to colonial authorities.
How did colonial administrators address the high death rate among native laborers?
Colonial administrators imported African slaves to replace the declining native labor force due to high death rates from disease and overwork. A racial class system was established where Spanish>mestizo (Caucasian/native mix)> mestizo(Caucasian/African mix) > african slaves > native americans
Describe the cultural dynamics in colonies where European women were present.
In colonies where European women and children accompanied men, such as in the British colonies and Spanish mainland, new settlements adopted European languages, religion, and ways of life. When European women were not present, local populations tended to retain their own culture.
Columbian Exchange
refers to the complex process of migration that led to the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the New World and the Old World. Old world received: potatoes, tobacco, chocolate tobacco. New World received: horse, cattle, and pigs from the Europeans.
How did the demand for sugar impact labor practices in the Americas?
The demand for sugar led Europeans to force native islanders and enslaved Africans to perform the labor-intensive work required for sugar production. Sugar, Slavery, and Spices were what continued competitive colonization in the new world.
Portuguese
first country to bring back enslaved Africans to the homeland as cargo
Silver mass importation consequences
The discovery of ____ at Potosí became a major source of wealth for Spain, with millions of pounds of this transported to Spain between 1503 and 1650. This led to high inflation, eventually collapsing the conomy of spain
Dutch West India Company
Founded in 1621, the _______ sought to open trade with the Americas and capture Spanish territories, while also participating in the transatlantic slave trade.
How did the influx of silver affect the economy of sixteenth-century Spain?
The influx of silver contributed to widespread inflation in Spain, driven by a population increase and rising demand for food and goods. This group was also the principal operator of the slave trade starting in the 1640s.
Describe the impact of European exploration on global trade.
European exploration linked the entire world for the first time through seaborne trade, facilitating the exchange of goods and resources across continents.
How were africans viewed?
Most Europeans viewed Africans as pagan heathens or Muslim infidels, categorizing them in despised groups. Aristotle argued Black skin was equated to darkness and evil in the bible, reinforcing the conception that blacks were destined to serve as slaves.
Describe the attitudes towards the Irish, Jews, and peasant masses
These groups were subject to dehumanizing attitudes, reflecting a broader societal tendency to view certain peoples as inferior.
Define skepticism in the context of sixteenth and seventeenth-century thought.
school of thought that says total certainty or definitive knowledge is not attainable. In the context of this time period, it is due to revelations in the larger scope of the unexplored world and new discoveries.
Explain the concept of cultural relativism.
suggests that one culture is not necessarily superior to another, but rather just different.
How did Michel de Montaigne contribute to the literary world?
developed the essay as a new literary genre to express his thoughts grounded in skepticism and cultural relativism.
Shakespeare influence
english writer who romanticized the English language, wrote about societal criticism of black intolerance in his work “Othello”, and expanded vernacular literature. Known as the king of literature in t
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