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behaviorism’s assumptions
→ only behavior is worthy of observation
→ environment determines who we are
classical conditioning is also called…?
Pavlovian conditioning
In classical conditioning…
environment (stimulus presentation) causes behavior (reflexive behavior)
something that is unconditioned is…
natural and unlearned
something that is conditioned is…
not natural and learned
Ivan Pavlov
Created a response within dogs that make them salivate whenever they hear the ring of a bell. It started off as when they saw food and progressively just become the sound of the bell
Acquisition
when one learns to show a conditioned response
siegel et. al. (1981)
50% of rats dosed with morphine, other 50% not dosed. shocks were given with both but with one group a sound played every time the shock was given
specific phobia
naturally inducing fear stimulus (US) → fear response (UR)
phobic stimulus (CS) → (CR)
extinction
when the conditioned stimulus no longer produces the response
spontaneous recovery
when conditioned response returns to conditioned stimulus even after extinction
flooding
a person is immediately exposed to their worst fears in order to lessen their anxiety around that fear and hopefully the fear goes into extinction
counterconditioning
pleasant feeling overrides fear response
previously negative response to a stimulus is replaced with a positive response by associating the stimulus with a pleasurable or relaxing experience
conditioning someone to change their response from fear to excitement or excitement to fear
systematic densensization
behavioral therapy technique used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders
Based on classical conditioning:
Uses Gradual exposure, Relaxation techniques, Hierarchy of fears
stimulus generalization
when the conditioned response happens due to something that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
stimulus degeneralization
when the conditioned response ONLY happens due to the original conditioned stimulus and nothing similar
higher order conditioning
new conditioning built on already present conditioning
robert rescorla & relations
there is a cognitively limitation to Pavlov’s
Martin Seligman
couldn’t stand the smell of sauce bearnaise for 10 years after he threw up one time after eating it. every time he smelled the sauce (CS), he felt nausea (CR)
(also the co-founder of positive psychology)
who came up with Conditioned Taste Aversion?
John Garcia
conditioned taste aversion is…?
internal stimulus → internal response
seeing/hearing → tactile pain
external stimulus → external response
operant conditioning/behaviorism
environmental response (pleasant or unpleasant) — influences future occurrence of → behavior (voluntary and controllable) — which causes → environmental response
who came up with ‘Law of Effect’?
E.L. Thorndike
Law of Effect
if an action gets an award, then that behavior gets tamped into memory
behavior → favorable outcome → strengthened
behavior → unfavorable outcome → weakened
skinner’s operant principle
the consequence of a reinforcement or a punishment can increase or decrease the probability of that repeated behavior happening again
positive reinforcement
something appears or is given in order to make the behaviors happen more often
THINGS APPEAR MORE
examples of positive reinforcement
studying → good grade
doing your job well → bonus
doing exercise → creates endorphin rush
negative reinforcement
something disappears or is removed in order to make the behavior happen more often
THINGS GO AWAY
examples of negative reinforcement
putting on seat belt → lessens risk in car
eating vegetables → means fewer chores
turning off alarm clock → makes loud noise go away
positive punishment
something appears or is given in order to make the behavior happen less often
examples of positive punishment
talking back → mean look from parents
staying up late → causes headache
too many video games → bad grade
negative punishment
something disappears or is removed in order to make the behavior happen less often
examples of negative punishment
poor hallway behavior → cancels school dance
bad grades → TV taken away
smoking → loss of life
A single behavior can have different types of consequences
a consequence can be more than one thing
it’s a matter of how its interpreted
reinforcement schedule: continuous
all behaviors are reinforced
reinforcement schedule: intermittent
(not continuous)
same behaviors are reinforced
pt 1: intermittent schedule: interval
time that has passed (provided behavior is done)
frequency of behaviors does not matter as long as behavior is done at least once
pt 1: intermittent schedule: ratio
number of behavior performed
would repeatedly doing the behavior make reinforcement more likely to occur?
Yes → Ratio
No → Interval
pt. 2: intermittent schedule: fixed
one can accurately predict when the next reinforcement comes
key word: exactly
pt 2: intermittent schedule: variable
one cannot accurately predict when the next reinforcement comes
key word: on average
is predictable + reinforcement based on frequency of behaviors =
fixed ratio
ex: when you buy six cheesesteaks, you earn a free one
is predictable + reinforcement based on time that passes =
fixed interval
ex: Sandra sees a beautiful sunrise once every 24 hours
is not predictable + reinforcement based on frequency of behaviors =
variable ratio
ex: Kyle hopes the next pull of the slot machine is the huge winner
is not predictable + reinforcement based on time that passes =
variable interval
ex: Terry hopes there will be a fire drill to get her out of class
why phobias present
negative punishment
get away from stimulus (behavior) → fear goes away (consequence) —
→ phobic stimulus (CS) → fear response (CR)
primary reinforcer
any unconditioned stimulus
ex: breathe/air
secondary reinforcer
any conditioned stimulus
ex: money, good grades
escape learning
unpleasant stimulus is present, you perform a behavior that results in getting away from the stimulus
avoidance learning
a signal indicates an oncoming unpleasant stimulus and you perform a behavior and that results in averting to have to experience the stimulus
difference between avoidance learning and escape learning
escape learning: noxious stimulus present → behavior done to eliminate stimulus
ex: Fire Alarm: leave building to get away from loud noise
avoidance learning: noxious stimulus NOT present → signal: impending noxious stimulus → behavior done to not have to experience stimulus
ex: radiation warning sign
shaping (for complicated behaviors)
reinforce successive approximations
punish behaviors opposed to goal
habituation
decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus
repeated presentations → decreased responsiveness
habituations vs sensory adaptation
sensory adaptation: decreased sensitivity to ongoing stimulus
smell of florist
clothes on skin
habituation: decreased behavioral response to repeated presentations to a stimulus
beekeeper getting stung many times
going on a roller coaster many times
instinctive drift
a biological behavior behavior overrides a conditioned behavior
latent learning
edward tolman
it is is unobserved learning (learning in the absence of rewards.)
tolman’s rat maze
the experiment and latent learning poked the biggest hole in the behaviorist assumption that cognition does not play a role in learned behavior
the rats has a mental map/cognitive map of the maze
observation learning (aka Modeling)
Albert Bandura (bobo doll study)
→ Kids did the same thing as the model did. Model would beat Bobo and the kids would do the same thing and use tools around them. Kids who didn’t see the model hurt Bobo didn’t hurt bobo.
mirror neurons
neurons that are created off the observation of that actions
