Studied by 5 people
information processing model
encoding, storage, retrieval
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
adaptation
how new information is processed
assimilation
process of classifying new info into existing schemata
accomodation
process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information
sensorimotor stage
(birth - 2yo) - manipulate environment for physical needs and object permanence
preoperational stage
(2yo- 7yo) - symbolic thinking, egocentrism
concrete operational
(7yo- 11yo) - understans conservation and feeling of others, logic
formal operational
(11yo+) - think abstractly and problem solve
fluid intelligence
solve new/novel problems
crystallized intelligence
solve problems using acquired knowledge (procedural)
dementia
impaired memory/judgement and confusion over period of time
delirium
rapid fluctation in cognitive function
functional fixedness
inability to consider how ot use an object in a non-traditional manner
trial and error
various solutions tried until one is found that seems to work
algorithms
formula/procedure for solving certain type of problem
deductive reasoning
top-down: draw conclusion from general rules
inductive reasoning
bottom-up: create theory via generalizations
heuristics
simplified principles used to make decisions (“rule of thumb”)
availability heuristic
base likelihood of an event on how easily examples of that event come to mind
representativeness heuristic
categorizing itemson basis of whether they fit stereotypical image of category
biases
when experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information
intuition
“gut feeling” regarding particular decision
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence
propose 8 areas of intelligence (linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist)
consciousness
one’s level of awareness for both world and own existence within world
alertness
state of consciousness in whih we are awake and able to think
EEG
records electrical patterns within different portions of the brain
awake
beta + alpha waves
Stage 1 (NREM 1)
theta waves - light sleeping/dozing
Stage 2 (NREM 2)
theta waves - sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 + 4 (NREM 3/4)
delta waves - slow-wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep-wake disorders during this stage
REM
beta waves - appear awake physiologically but body is paralyzed, dreams, procedural memory consolidtation
normal sleep cycle
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM
2 hormones regulating circadian rhythm
melatonin - pineal gland (sleep)
cortisol - adreanal cortex (wakefulness)
dyssomnia
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation
parasomnia
night terros, sleep walking,
narcolepsy
lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep
hypnagogic hallucinations
occurs when one GOes to bed
hypnopompic hallucinations
occurs when one POPs out of bed
depressants
promote/mimic GABA activity (alcohol, barbiturates, benzos)
stimulants
increase dopamine, NE, serotonin concentration on synaptic cleft (amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy)
opiates/opiods
death by respiratory depression (heroin, morphine, opium, pain meds)
hallucinogens
distortion/enhancement of sensory experiences (LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine)
marijuana
has depressents, stimulant, hallucinogenic affects (inhibits GABA)
drug addiction
mediated by mesolimbic pathway (nucelus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area) - dopamine = NT
selective attention
focus on one stimulus while ignoring other stimuli
cocktail party phenomenon
perceive important info (ex. name, gate #) while engaged in another activity
divided attention
automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
undivided attention
controlled (effortful) processing
phonolgy
sound of speech
morphology
building blocks of words
semantics
meaning of words
syntax
rules dictating word order
pragmatics
change in language delivery depending on context
9-12 mo
babbling
12-18 mo
one word/month
18-20 mo
explosion of language and combing words
2-3 yrs
longer sentences
5 yrs
language rules mastered
nativist (biological) theory
language acquisition is innate and controlled by language acquisition device
learning (behaviorist) theory
language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforced by caregivers
social interactionist theory
language acquisition is caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others
Whorfian hypothesis
linguistic relativity: lens which we view and interpret world is created by language
Broca’s area
motor function of speech
Wernicke’s area
language comprehension
arcuate fasciculus
connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
conduction aphasia
inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension
Note 
Flashcard (41)