Gregor Mendel
Discovered that inherited traits are specified in units by keeping detailed records of how pea plant traits passed from one generation to the next
Monohybrid crosses
pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and end up on different gametes
Dihybrid crosses
genes of a pair segregate into gametes independently of other gene pairs.
Original theory for hereditary material
that hereditary material was a fluid, with fluids from both parents mixing at fertilization
DNA
The hereditary material, was not proven to be the hereditary material until the 1950's
Gene
Each ______ occurs at a specific location/locus, on a particular chromosome
Somatic cells
diploid cells that form parts of an organism's body (In most cases, both genes of a pair are expressed)
Breeding true
When organisms breed true for a trait because they carry identical alleles of genes governing that trait.
Homozygous
An organism with two identical alleles of genes for a certain trait.
Heterozygous
An organism with two different alleles of genes for a certain trait.
Hybrid organism
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Genotype
The set of alleles an organism carries.
Phenotype
An organisms observable traits.
Dominant alleles
An allele who's effects mask those of a recessive allele.
Recessive alleles
An allele who's effects are masked by those of a dominant allele.
Gametes formed during meiosis
Only carry one of their original alleles.
Testcross
cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype
Monohybrid cross
A cross between heterozygous organisms who share a trait.
F1
First generation.
F2
Second generation.
The phenotypic ratio
Organisms have a 3:1 chance of receiving a dominant allele.
Dihybrid cross
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits
dihybrid phenotypic ratio
9:3:3:1
law of independent assortment
the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
Linkage group
all genes on a chromosome
# of linkage groups in humans
23
Codominance
when two nonidentical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygotes, so neither is dominant or recessive
multiple allele system
genes with three or more alleles in a population
incomplete dominance
when one allele is not completely dominant over it's partner
polygenic inheritance
when alleles of 2 or more genes determine 1 single trait
Pleiotropy
When one gene influences multiple traits
Continuous variation
range of small differences in a shared trait
Heterozygous Organism
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
phenotypic ratio in F2 offspring
1:2:1
epistasis
one gene affects the expression of another gene
pleiotropic genes
A gene that affects multiple traits
genotype+environment=
phenotype
short tandem repeats
sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated