class2

These flashcards cover important genetics concepts, terms, and principles essential for understanding inheritance.

P1 generation

What term refers to the first generation in a genetic cross?

F1 generation

What do you call the offspring of the P1 generation?

Segregation

What is the process by which homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I?

What is the method used to predict the probability of specific traits in offspring?

Punnett Square

What principle states that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation?

Independent Assortment

What are dominant and recessive alleles?

Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles in heterozygotes.

How many possible genotypes exist in a dihybrid cross?

9 possible genotypes

What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross among heterozygotes?

9:3:3:1

What do we call the genetic makeup of an organism?

Genotype

What is the observable physical characteristic of an organism?

Phenotype

What genetic cross involves tracking two traits on different chromosomes?

Dihybrid cross

What is used to determine the possible alleles for a gamete from a genotype?

FOIL method

What is the term for the process during meiosis where chromosomes exchange segments?

Crossing over

What is the outcome of a cross between two true-breeding plants with different traits called?

F1 generation

What type of chromosomes segregate independently according to Mendel's principles?

Alleles on different chromosomes

What are genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome called?

Linked genes

What factor influences the frequency of recombination between genes?

Physical distance between genes

What do we call a situation in which two genes are inherited together due to close proximity on the same chromosome?

Linkage

What generation follows the F1 generation?

F2 generation

What ratio describes the possible phenotypes in a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1

What is a gamete?

A reproductive cell containing half the genetic material of the parent.

Which alleles are expressed in a heterozygous organism?

The dominant allele.

What process allows genetic diversity in gametes?

Independent assortment.

What is the probability of inheriting a specific combination of alleles from two parents?

Determined using Punnett squares.

What are the two types of cells produced by meiosis?

Haploid gametes.

What happens to alleles on the SAME chromosome during meiosis if they are close together?

They tend to be inherited together.

What can crossing over between non-sister chromatids create?

Recombinant chromosomes.

If two genes are independently assorted, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

1:1:1:1 for two traits.