AP Psych Unit 3

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79 Terms

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Sensation

the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment through our sense organs and transforming those energies into neural communication.

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Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information in our brain to make meaning of our experience.

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Bottom-up Processing

Starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

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Difference Threshold

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.

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Weber's Law

states that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different.

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Signal Detection Theory

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus. Dependent upon experience, motivation, alertness, and expectations.

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Bottom-up Attention

Selective attention filter (automatic).

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Cocktail Party Effect

Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd (effortful).

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Selective Attention

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus (non-conscious).

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Divided Attention

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

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Alternating Attention

The ability to move or alternate attention back and forth from one stimulus to another.

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Sustained Attention

The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time (conscious).

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Top-down Processing

Constructing perceptions based on our experiences and expectations.

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Perceptual Sets

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

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Context Effect

The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.

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Photoreception

Detection of light.

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Mechanoreception

Detection of pressure, vibration, and movement.

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Chemoreception

Detection of smell and taste.

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Wavelengths

The distance between the arrival of peaks of a light wave. Perceived as color or hue in the eye and frequency or pitch (hertz) in the ear.

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Amplitude

Height of a wave. Perceived as brightness in the eye or loudness (decibels) in the ear.

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Purity

Mixture of wavelengths. Perceived as saturation in the eye or tone in the ear.

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Rods

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray.

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Cones

retinal receptor cells that detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

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Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

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Blind Spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

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Trichromatic Theory

Idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors.

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Opponent Process Theory

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. When one is retracted, the other one takes over.

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Afterimage

A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed.

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Convergence

The extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. (controls depth)

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Place Theory of Pitch Perception

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

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Frequency Theory of Pitch Perception

Nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave.

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Sensory Adaptation

Diminished sensitivity to environmental stimuli as a consequence of constant stimulation.

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Eye to Brain Pathway

Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe.

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Ear to Brain Pathway

Auditory canal, eardrum, cochela, auditory nerve.

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Thermoreceptors

Temperature receptors.

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Olfactory Epithelium

A thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell.

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Kinesthetic

The sensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons, and joints.

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Vestibular

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance (semicircular canals in the ear).

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Figure-ground

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

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Proximity

Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

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Similarity

Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

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Continuity

Objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

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Connectedness

Objects positioned together or moving together will be perceived as belonging to the same group.

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Closure

Objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group even if the image contains gaps that the mind needs to fill in.

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Retinal Disparity

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the differences between the images stimulating each eye.

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Relative Size

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the smaller retinal image is farther away.

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Interposition

A monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one partially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away.

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Relative Clarity

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects.

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Texture Gradient

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; a gradual change from a coarse distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed.

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Motion Parallax

a monocular depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene.

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Linear Perspective

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.

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Relative Brightness

A monocular cue, objects up close appear brighter than objects farther away.

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Relative Height

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away.

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Size Contancy

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.

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Shape Constancy

The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being the same, even when its shape changes on the retina.

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Brightness Constancy

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.

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Color Constancy

The ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting.

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Touch

Receptors --> spinal cord --> thalamus --> somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe.

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Papillase

The bumps on your tongue, where taste buds are located.

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Transduction

receive→transform→deliver

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The Order Light Passes Through

RCBG: Rods→Cones→Bipolar Cells→Ganglion Cells

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Gate-Control Theory

Spinal cord has a gate that controls whether or not pain signals get sent to the brain or not.

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Iris

Colored part of the eye that controls the pupil.

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Pupil

Controls the amount of light the goes into the eye.

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Lens

Transmits lights and focuses it on the retina.

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Retina

Captures light and translates it into images.

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Anterior Chamber

Helps maintain pressure in the eye and positions the retina.

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Cornea

Lets light rays enter the eye and converges them

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Vitreous Humor

Provides nutrients to the eye and helps keep the eye in its shape.

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Macula

Translates light that enters the eye into the images you see.

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Pinna

Collects sound waves and channels them to the ear canal.

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Eustachian Tube

Equalizes air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear.

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Auditory Nerves

Connect the ear to the brain and sends sound signals that translate into sound.

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Semicircular Canals

Keep your balance.

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Cochlea

Plays a role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory translation.

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Ossicles (Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup)

Transfer and amplify air vibrations into the inner ear.

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Eardrum

Sends vibrations to the inner ear.

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Ear Canal

Functions as an entryway for sound waves.