Review for DCUSH

destruction of the native american way of life

Native Americans lost their way of life because internal conflicts between the colonists and Native Americans. Also the Natives relied on the hunter gatherer way of life on the lands which was now taken by the English which took the way of life of the people.

Significance of Railroads

carries materials faster, cheeper, farther, therefore factories can be bigger and serve more people

Farmers Plight in 1920s

demand for food dropped and thus dropped their income; this meant that they could not pay for their land and thus lost it

Overproduction

a situation in which the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand

Bimetallism

A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks

Election of 1896: candidates and issues

William McKinley (R) \-- received support from the North, supported industry and high tariffs. William Jennings Bryan (D) received support from the West and South, supported farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs. McKinley wins.

Goals of the Populist Party

1. inflation through free & unlimited coinage of silver at rate of 16 oz. Of silver to 1 oz. of gold

2. graduated income tax

3. government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones

4. direct election of U.S. Senators

5. 1 term limit on Presidency

6. shorter workday

7. immigration restrictions

Omaha Platform (1892)

Political agenda adopted by the Populist Party in 1892.
*Provisions:*
Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Effectiveness of populist

Carnegie

Steel industry

Rockefeller

Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries

J.P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Gospel of Wealth

called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society

Monolopy

total control over an entire product or service

Trusts/Monopolies

Huge companies that control all or the majority of a certain industry (steel, oil, railroads) from buying up competition or driving them out of business.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Captains of Industry vs Robber Barons

Robber Barons- buy out smallbussiness and raise unfair prices: Captains of Industry-they supported delevoping technology, stimulated the economy, and opened upmore jobs

Labor Unions and Strikes

Labor unions were groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

A labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers in order to voice the working class (only highly skilled laborers). It fought against labor forces and debated work conditions for skilled workers. Utilized Strikes.

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Haymarket Square Riot

May 4, 1886
*Large rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
*Police were attempting to disperse the crowd then a bomb exploded
*Eleven were killed and over 100 were injured
*Eight anarchists were put on trial and four were executed
*Incident was used to discredit the Knights of Labor

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Why did the US become imperialistic?

• Belief in cultural superiority

• Need for more trade markets

• Need for military strength

Spanish-American War (1898)

Conflict between the U.S. and Spain that began the rise of the U.S. as a world power. The U.S. gained possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as a result.

Cause of Spanish American War

The sinking of the USS Maine and yellow journalism

Effects of Spanish American War

Treaty of Paris; US acquired Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico; purchased Philippines for $20 million

Emillio Aguinaldo

helped the Americans overthrow the Spanish rulers; he took his troops into guerilla warfare when the US did not give the Phillipines their freedom. Was later captured by US soldiers

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

Consumer Protection

measures to shield buyers of goods and services from unsafe products and unfair or illegal sales practices

Corporate Reform

Undertaking the much more difficult task of restructuring the operations of an already existing, large company so that it maximizes its social and environmental benefits.

Trust Busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

William H. Taft (1909-1913)

Dollar diplomacy, NAACP founded

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

MAIN causes of WWI

M- Militarism
A- Alliances
I- Imperialism
N- Nationalism

Zimmerman Note/Telegram

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Great Migration

(WW) , movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Schnek v US

allows limiting of speech if there is clear and present danger

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Why didn't the US sign the Treaty of Versailles?

They didn't like the terms for the League of Nations. We signed separate peace treaties with the different countries involved

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Immigration Restriction Act

America feared the spread of Soviet Communism in the US so immigrant entry to the US was severely limited, such as through the Immigration Act of 1924 that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. The purpose was claimed to be "to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity". After the Red Scare of 1919, immigrants from Russia/Eastern Europe were deported and restrictions were put in place.

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Sacco and Venzetti (1921-1927)

Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. 1152.

Harlem Renissance
(1920s-1930s)

-the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York.
During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement," named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke.
-The Movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the GREAT MIGRATION (African American), of which Harlem was the largest. The Harlem Renaissance was considered to be a rebirth of African American arts.

Return to Laissez-Faire

Americans were tired of reform, tired of witch hunts, and were more than ready for a return to "normalcy." Above all, the 1920s signaled a return to a pro-business government—almost a return to the laissez-faire economic policy of the Gilded Age of the late 19th century.

buying stock on margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

Causes of the Stock Market Crash of 1929

1. Buying on margin or credit. 2. Overproduction and Underconsumption of consumer goods and farm products. 3. An Overproduction of goods, easy credit with installment loans. 4. Bank failures. 5. Problems of farmers with overproduction and loans.

Great Depression causes

1)United State's stock market crash of 1929. 2)Big drop in the world's economy. 3)Overproduction of goods from World War I. 4)Decrease in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations\>>>LEAD TO millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. People were homeless, Relied on government to eat.

Hoover's Response to the Depression

At the start - very little. Believed that it was simply a temporary dip in the economy
Increased taxes
Smoot Hawley Tariff Act, 1929 - raised import taxes - was meant to increase American trade but destroyed businesses relying on imports as well as leading to retaliatory taxes on American goods from other countries
He called business leaders to the White House to urge them not to lay off workers or cut wages
In 1931 he backed creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC, established 1932) to give loans to businesses etc.

FDR's response to the Great Depression

Roosevelt and his advisors launched programs to end the depression/recover from. This became known as the New Deal and had three goals 1) relief for needy 2)economic recovery 3) financial/long term reform.

Cash & Carry Policy (1939)

U.S. policy that allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Causes of WWII 1939-1945

Great Depression; emergence of the Nazi party; Treaty of Versailles; War Guilt Clause; Reparations; German Disarmament/demilitarized; Territorial losses from Germany; Hitler's Actions: built up military, made alliances, expansionist; Failure of Appeasement; Invasion of Poland; Failure of the League of Nations; Emergence of Fascism

Japanese Internment

This term describes the event in which FDR ordered all Japanese Americans to be put in relocation camps, Korematsu vs. U.S. ruled that it was constitutionally permissable; did not apply to Hawaii because it would have damaged the economy.

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

How did the US raise money for the war?

liberty bonds and raised taxes

European Theatre in WWII

Geographic location of WWII in Europe. This means the war in Great Britain, France, Spain, Germany, and Italy. War ended here when the Soviet Union marched into Berlin Germany and Hitler committed suicide.

Pacific Theatre of WWII

The biggest obstacle in WWII in the Pacific Ocean and Europe was the distance that had to be traveled to supply the U.S. troops with supplies. This is the geographic location of WWII that concerned pearl Harbor, Midway Island, Japan and all the other Islands in the Pacific. This ended when President Truman used the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to save American Lives.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Causes of the Cold War

1. Germany divided into four sections, Berlin as well, divided separately and equally between the big three. 2. Stalin wanted to punished Germany with paid repressions just like after WWI, US wanted to help rebuild Germany. (If Germany was forced to pay repressions Stalin was hoping they would later become desperate and resort to communism) 3. US in Nato, USSR in Warsaw Pact. 4. Iron curtain 5. Truman Doctrine 6. Containment Policy 7.. Domino Theory 8. Marshall Plan 9. Berlin Airlift

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Containment Policy

US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Sputnik (1957)

First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Trumans response to conflict

With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

Eisenhower's response

Eisenhower did not want to give in to Khrushchev's demands, and believed a military presence was necessary to protect West Berlin's freedom. It was agreed to hold a summit meetings

Interstate Highway System

A system of limited access roadways that connects all major cities in the US. The system was designed to give troops faster routes to get to destinations across the US in the event of an attack on the US. The system's main purpose now is travel by civilians.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Little Rock 9 (1957)

First African-American students to attend all white high school in Little Rock, Ark. President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to enforce federal law that said States must abide by the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the "separate but equal" ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson

Eisenhower's response to the Little Rock, Arkansas school crisis

ordered the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to insure the safety of the "Little Rock Nine" and that the rulings of the Supreme Court were upheld.

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the Cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet union to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

LBJ's Great Society

war against poverty, education, and improving Civil Rights

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Viet Cong (VC)

South Vietnam rebels who used guerilla warfare to try to topple US powers in Vietnam